ghidra: support PyGhidra (#2788 )

* ghidra: init commit switch to PyGhidra * update CHANGELOG and PyGhidra version requirements * Update capa/features/extractors/ghidra/helpers.py Co-authored-by: gemini-code-assist[bot] <176961590+gemini-code-assist[bot]@users.noreply.github.com> * fix black errors * support Ghidra v12 * remove deprecated APIs * refactor outdated code * fix pyinstaller, code refactoring * address PR feedback * add back capa_explorer.py * beef up capa_explorer.py script * refactor README * refactor README * fix #2747 * add sha256 check for workflows * add sha256 check for workflows * add sha256 check for workflows --------- Co-authored-by: gemini-code-assist[bot] <176961590+gemini-code-assist[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Merge pull request #2792 from mandiant/dependabot/pip/deptry-0.24.0
2025-12-19 02:32:30 -08:00 · 2025-12-18 17:55:49 -07:00 · 2025-12-16 21:08:55 +01:00 · 2025-12-15 14:02:35 +00:00 · 2025-12-11 11:17:57 +01:00 · 2025-12-11 11:17:33 +01:00
50 changed files with 1027 additions and 722 deletions
--- a/.bumpversion.toml
+++ b/.bumpversion.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+[tool.bumpversion]
+current_version = "9.3.1"
+
+[[tool.bumpversion.files]]
+filename = "capa/version.py"
+search = '__version__ = "{current_version}"'
+replace = '__version__ = "{new_version}"'
+
+[[tool.bumpversion.files]]
+filename = "capa/ida/plugin/ida-plugin.json"
+search = '"version": "{current_version}"'
+replace = '"version": "{new_version}"'
+
+[[tool.bumpversion.files]]
+filename = "capa/ida/plugin/ida-plugin.json"
+search = '"flare-capa=={current_version}"'
+replace = '"flare-capa=={new_version}"'
+
+[[tool.bumpversion.files]]
+filename = "CHANGELOG.md"
+search = "v{current_version}...master"
+replace = "v{current_version}...{new_version}"
+
+[[tool.bumpversion.files]]
+filename = "CHANGELOG.md"
+search = "master (unreleased)"
+replace = "v{new_version}"
--- a/.github/pyinstaller/pyinstaller.spec
+++ b/.github/pyinstaller/pyinstaller.spec
@@ -74,6 +74,7 @@ a = Analysis(
        # only be installed locally.
        "binaryninja",
        "ida",
+        "ghidra",
        # remove once https://github.com/mandiant/capa/issues/2681 has
        # been addressed by PyInstaller
        "pkg_resources",
--- a/.github/workflows/build.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/build.yml
@@ -28,6 +28,11 @@ jobs:
            artifact_name: capa
            asset_name: linux
            python_version: '3.10'
+            # for Ghidra
+            java-version: '21'
+            ghidra-version: '12.0'
+            public-version: 'PUBLIC_20251205'
+            ghidra-sha256: 'af43e8cfb2fa4490cf6020c3a2bde25c159d83f45236a0542688a024e8fc1941'
          - os: ubuntu-22.04-arm
            artifact_name: capa
            asset_name: linux-arm64
@@ -46,8 +51,8 @@ jobs:
          #  artifact_name: capa.exe
          #  asset_name: windows-arm64
          #  python_version: '3.12'
-          - os: macos-13
-            # use older macOS for assumed better portability
+          - os: macos-15-intel
+            # macos-15-intel is the lowest native intel build
            artifact_name: capa
            asset_name: macos
            python_version: '3.10'
@@ -106,6 +111,24 @@ jobs:
        run: |
          7z e "tests/data/dynamic/cape/v2.2/d46900384c78863420fb3e297d0a2f743cd2b6b3f7f82bf64059a168e07aceb7.json.gz"
          dist/capa -d "d46900384c78863420fb3e297d0a2f743cd2b6b3f7f82bf64059a168e07aceb7.json"
+      - name: Set up Java ${{ matrix.java-version }}
+        if: matrix.os == 'ubuntu-22.04' && matrix.python_version == '3.10'
+        uses: actions/setup-java@387ac29b308b003ca37ba93a6cab5eb57c8f5f93 # v4.0.0
+        with:
+          distribution: 'temurin'
+          java-version: ${{ matrix.java-version }}
+      - name: Install Ghidra ${{ matrix.ghidra-version }}
+        if: matrix.os == 'ubuntu-22.04' && matrix.python_version == '3.10'
+        run: |
+          mkdir ./.github/ghidra
+          wget "https://github.com/NationalSecurityAgency/ghidra/releases/download/Ghidra_${{ matrix.ghidra-version }}_build/ghidra_${{ matrix.ghidra-version }}_${{ matrix.public-version }}.zip" -O ./.github/ghidra/ghidra_${{ matrix.ghidra-version }}_PUBLIC.zip
+          echo "${{ matrix.ghidra-sha256 }} ./.github/ghidra/ghidra_${{ matrix.ghidra-version }}_PUBLIC.zip" | sha256sum -c -
+          unzip .github/ghidra/ghidra_${{ matrix.ghidra-version }}_PUBLIC.zip -d .github/ghidra/
+      - name: Does it run (Ghidra)?
+        if: matrix.os == 'ubuntu-22.04' && matrix.python_version == '3.10'
+        env:
+          GHIDRA_INSTALL_DIR: ${{ github.workspace }}/.github/ghidra/ghidra_${{ matrix.ghidra-version }}_PUBLIC
+        run: dist/capa -b ghidra -d "tests/data/Practical Malware Analysis Lab 01-01.dll_"
      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@5d5d22a31266ced268874388b861e4b58bb5c2f3 # v4.3.1
        with:
          name: ${{ matrix.asset_name }}
--- a/.github/workflows/tests.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/tests.yml
@@ -42,10 +42,10 @@ jobs:
    - name: Checkout capa
      uses: actions/checkout@b4ffde65f46336ab88eb53be808477a3936bae11 # v4.1.1
    # use latest available python to take advantage of best performance
-    - name: Set up Python 3.12
+    - name: Set up Python 3.13
      uses: actions/setup-python@0a5c61591373683505ea898e09a3ea4f39ef2b9c # v5.0.0
      with:
-        python-version: "3.12"
+        python-version: "3.13"
    - name: Install dependencies
      run: |
        pip install -r requirements.txt
@@ -70,10 +70,10 @@ jobs:
      uses: actions/checkout@b4ffde65f46336ab88eb53be808477a3936bae11 # v4.1.1
      with:
        submodules: recursive
-    - name: Set up Python 3.12
+    - name: Set up Python 3.13
      uses: actions/setup-python@0a5c61591373683505ea898e09a3ea4f39ef2b9c # v5.0.0
      with:
-        python-version: "3.12"
+        python-version: "3.13"
    - name: Install capa
      run: |
        pip install -r requirements.txt
@@ -88,13 +88,11 @@ jobs:
    strategy:
      fail-fast: false
      matrix:
-        os: [ubuntu-22.04, windows-2022, macos-13]
+        os: [ubuntu-22.04, ubuntu-22.04-arm, windows-2022, macos-15-intel, macos-14]
        # across all operating systems
-        python-version: ["3.10", "3.11"]
+        python-version: ["3.10", "3.13"]
        include:
          # on Ubuntu run these as well
-          - os: ubuntu-22.04
-            python-version: "3.10"
          - os: ubuntu-22.04
            python-version: "3.11"
          - os: ubuntu-22.04
@@ -131,7 +129,7 @@ jobs:
    strategy:
      fail-fast: false
      matrix:
-        python-version: ["3.10", "3.11"]
+        python-version: ["3.10", "3.13"]
    steps:
    - name: Checkout capa with submodules
      # do only run if BN_SERIAL is available, have to do this in every step, see https://github.com/orgs/community/discussions/26726#discussioncomment-3253118
@@ -173,11 +171,11 @@ jobs:
    strategy:
      fail-fast: false
      matrix:
-        python-version: ["3.10", "3.11"]
-        java-version: ["17"]
-        ghidra-version: ["11.0.1"]
-        public-version: ["PUBLIC_20240130"] # for ghidra releases
-        ghidrathon-version: ["4.0.0"] 
+        python-version: ["3.10", "3.13"]
+        java-version: ["21"]
+        ghidra-version: ["12.0"]
+        public-version: ["PUBLIC_20251205"] # for ghidra releases
+        ghidra-sha256: ['af43e8cfb2fa4490cf6020c3a2bde25c159d83f45236a0542688a024e8fc1941']
    steps:
    - name: Checkout capa with submodules
      uses: actions/checkout@b4ffde65f46336ab88eb53be808477a3936bae11 # v4.1.1
@@ -196,26 +194,15 @@ jobs:
      run: |
        mkdir ./.github/ghidra
        wget "https://github.com/NationalSecurityAgency/ghidra/releases/download/Ghidra_${{ matrix.ghidra-version }}_build/ghidra_${{ matrix.ghidra-version }}_${{ matrix.public-version }}.zip" -O ./.github/ghidra/ghidra_${{ matrix.ghidra-version }}_PUBLIC.zip
+        echo "${{ matrix.ghidra-sha256 }} ./.github/ghidra/ghidra_${{ matrix.ghidra-version }}_PUBLIC.zip" | sha256sum -c -
        unzip .github/ghidra/ghidra_${{ matrix.ghidra-version }}_PUBLIC.zip -d .github/ghidra/
-    - name: Install Ghidrathon
-      run : |
-        mkdir ./.github/ghidrathon
-        wget "https://github.com/mandiant/Ghidrathon/releases/download/v${{ matrix.ghidrathon-version }}/Ghidrathon-v${{ matrix.ghidrathon-version}}.zip" -O ./.github/ghidrathon/ghidrathon-v${{ matrix.ghidrathon-version }}.zip
-        unzip .github/ghidrathon/ghidrathon-v${{ matrix.ghidrathon-version }}.zip -d .github/ghidrathon/
-        python -m pip install -r .github/ghidrathon/requirements.txt
-        python .github/ghidrathon/ghidrathon_configure.py $(pwd)/.github/ghidra/ghidra_${{ matrix.ghidra-version }}_PUBLIC
-        unzip .github/ghidrathon/Ghidrathon-v${{ matrix.ghidrathon-version }}.zip -d .github/ghidra/ghidra_${{ matrix.ghidra-version }}_PUBLIC/Ghidra/Extensions
    - name: Install pyyaml
      run: sudo apt-get install -y libyaml-dev
-    - name: Install capa
+    - name: Install capa with Ghidra extra
      run: |
-        pip install -r requirements.txt
-        pip install -e .[dev,scripts]
+        pip install -e .[dev,ghidra]
    - name: Run tests
-      run: | 
-        mkdir ./.github/ghidra/project
-        .github/ghidra/ghidra_${{ matrix.ghidra-version }}_PUBLIC/support/analyzeHeadless .github/ghidra/project ghidra_test -Import ./tests/data/mimikatz.exe_ -ScriptPath ./tests/ -PostScript test_ghidra_features.py > ../output.log
-        cat ../output.log
-        exit_code=$(cat ../output.log | grep exit | awk '{print $NF}')
-        exit $exit_code
+      env:
+        GHIDRA_INSTALL_DIR: ${{ github.workspace }}/.github/ghidra/ghidra_${{ matrix.ghidra-version }}_PUBLIC
+      run: pytest -v tests/test_ghidra_features.py
 
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -122,6 +122,7 @@ scripts/perf/*.zip
 */.DS_Store
 Pipfile
 Pipfile.lock
+uv.lock
 /cache/
 .github/binja/binaryninja
 .github/binja/download_headless.py
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -3,11 +3,63 @@
 ## master (unreleased)

 ### New Features
+
+- ghidra: support PyGhidra @mike-hunhoff #2788
+
+### Breaking Changes
+
+### New Rules (4)
+
+- nursery/run-as-nodejs-native-module mehunhoff@google.com
+- nursery/inject-shellcode-using-thread-pool-work-insertion-with-tp_io still@teamt5.org
+- nursery/inject-shellcode-using-thread-pool-work-insertion-with-tp_timer still@teamt5.org
+- nursery/inject-shellcode-using-thread-pool-work-insertion-with-tp_work still@teamt5.org
+-
+
+### Bug Fixes
+- Fixed insecure deserialization vulnerability in YAML loading @0x1622 (#2770)
+
+### capa Explorer Web
+
+### capa Explorer IDA Pro plugin
+
+### Development
+
+- ci: deprecate macos-13 runner and use Python v3.13 for testing @mike-hunhoff #2777
+
+### Raw diffs
+- [capa v9.3.1...master](https://github.com/mandiant/capa/compare/v9.3.1...master)
+- [capa-rules v9.3.1...master](https://github.com/mandiant/capa-rules/compare/v9.3.1...master)
+
+## v9.3.1
+
+This patch release fixes a missing import for the capa explorer plugin for IDA Pro.
+
+### Bug Fixes
+
+- add missing ida-netnode dependency to project.toml @mike-hunhoff #2765
+
+### Development
+
+- ci: bump binja min version @mike-hunhoff #2763
+
+### Raw diffs
+- [capa v9.3.0...master](https://github.com/mandiant/capa/compare/v9.3.0...master)
+- [capa-rules v9.3.0...master](https://github.com/mandiant/capa-rules/compare/v9.3.0...master)
+
+## v9.3.0
+
+capa v9.3.0 comes with over 20 new and/or impoved rules.
+For IDA users the capa explorer plugin is now available via the IDA Pro plugin repository and contains Qt compatibility layer for PyQt5 and PySide6 support.
+Additionally a Binary Ninja bug has been fixed. Released binaries now include ARM64 binaries (Linux and macOS).
+
+### New Features
+
 - ci: add support for arm64 binary releases

 ### Breaking Changes

-### New Rules (14)
+### New Rules (24)

 - anti-analysis/anti-vm/vm-detection/detect-mouse-movement-via-activity-checks-on-windows tevajdr@gmail.com
 - nursery/create-executable-heap moritz.raabe@mandiant.com
@@ -22,21 +74,37 @@
 - linking/static/grpc/linked-against-grpc jakubjozwiak@google.com
 - linking/static/hp-socket/linked-against-hp-socket jakubjozwiak@google.com
 - load-code/execute-jscript-via-vsaengine-in-dotnet jakubjozwiak@google.com
-
+- linking/static/funchook/linked-against-funchook jakubjozwiak@google.com
+- linking/static/plthook/linked-against-plthook jakubjozwiak@google.com
+- host-interaction/network/enumerate-tcp-connections-via-wmi-com-api jakubjozwiak@google.com
+- host-interaction/network/routing-table/create-routing-table-entry jakubjozwiak@google.com
+- host-interaction/network/routing-table/get-routing-table michael.hunhoff@mandiant.com
+- host-interaction/file-system/use-io_uring-io-interface-on-linux jakubjozwiak@google.com
+- collection/keylog/log-keystrokes-via-direct-input zeze-zeze
+- nursery/compiled-from-fsharp mehunhoff@google.com
+- nursery/decrypt-data-using-aes-via-dotnet mehunhoff@google.com
+- nursery/get-dotnet-assembly-entry-point mehunhoff@google.com

 ### Bug Fixes

+- binja: fix a crash during feature extraction when the MLIL is unavailable @xusheng6 #2714 
+
 ### capa Explorer Web

 ### capa Explorer IDA Pro plugin

+- add `ida-plugin.json` for inclusion in the IDA Pro plugin repository @williballenthin
+- ida plugin: add Qt compatibility layer for PyQt5 and PySide6 support @williballenthin #2707
+- delay import to not load Qt* when running under idalib @mr-tz #2752
+
 ### Development

 - ci: remove redundant "test_run" action from build workflow @mike-hunhoff #2692
+- dev: add bumpmyversion to bump and sync versions across the project @mr-tz

 ### Raw diffs
- [capa v9.2.1...master](https://github.com/mandiant/capa/compare/v9.2.1...master)
- [capa-rules v9.2.1...master](https://github.com/mandiant/capa-rules/compare/v9.2.1...master)
+- [capa v9.2.1...9.3.0](https://github.com/mandiant/capa/compare/v9.2.1...9.3.0)
+- [capa-rules v9.2.1...9.3.0](https://github.com/mandiant/capa-rules/compare/v9.2.1...9.3.0)

 ## v9.2.1

--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -291,11 +291,17 @@ It also uses your local changes to the .idb to extract better features, such as
 ![capa + IDA Pro integration](https://github.com/mandiant/capa/blob/master/doc/img/explorer_expanded.png)

 # Ghidra integration
-If you use Ghidra, then you can use the [capa + Ghidra integration](/capa/ghidra/) to run capa's analysis directly on your Ghidra database and render the results in Ghidra's user interface.
+
+capa supports using Ghidra (via [PyGhidra](https://github.com/NationalSecurityAgency/ghidra/tree/master/Ghidra/Features/PyGhidra)) as a feature extraction backend. This allows you to run capa against binaries using Ghidra's analysis engine.
+
+You can run and view capa results in the Ghidra UI using [capa explorer for Ghidra](https://github.com/mandiant/capa/tree/master/capa/ghidra/plugin).

 <img src="https://github.com/mandiant/capa/assets/66766340/eeae33f4-99d4-42dc-a5e8-4c1b8c661492" width=300>

+You can also run capa from the command line using the [Ghidra backend](https://github.com/mandiant/capa/tree/master/capa/ghidra).
+
 # blog posts
+- [Riding Dragons: capa Harnesses Ghidra](https://www.mandiant.com/resources/blog/capa-harnesses-ghidra)
 - [Dynamic capa: Exploring Executable Run-Time Behavior with the CAPE Sandbox](https://www.mandiant.com/resources/blog/dynamic-capa-executable-behavior-cape-sandbox)
 - [capa v4: casting a wider .NET](https://www.mandiant.com/resources/blog/capa-v4-casting-wider-net) (.NET support)
 - [ELFant in the Room – capa v3](https://www.mandiant.com/resources/elfant-in-the-room-capa-v3) (ELF support)
@@ -315,3 +321,6 @@ If you use Ghidra, then you can use the [capa + Ghidra integration](/capa/ghidra

 ## capa testfiles
 The [capa-testfiles repository](https://github.com/mandiant/capa-testfiles) contains the data we use to test capa's code and rules
+
+## mailing list
+Subscribe to the FLARE mailing list for community announcements! Email "subscribe" to [flare-external@google.com](mailto:flare-external@google.com?subject=subscribe).
--- a/capa/features/extractors/binja/function.py
+++ b/capa/features/extractors/binja/function.py
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@ from binaryninja import (
    Function,
    BinaryView,
    SymbolType,
-    ILException,
    RegisterValueType,
    VariableSourceType,
    LowLevelILOperation,
@@ -192,11 +191,7 @@ def extract_stackstring(fh: FunctionHandle):
    if bv is None:
        return

-    try:
-        mlil = func.mlil
-    except ILException:
-        return
-
+    mlil = func.mlil
    if mlil is None:
        return

--- a/capa/features/extractors/ghidra/basicblock.py
+++ b/capa/features/extractors/ghidra/basicblock.py
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ def bb_contains_stackstring(bb: ghidra.program.model.block.CodeBlock) -> bool:
    true if basic block contains enough moves of constant bytes to the stack
    """
    count = 0
-    for insn in currentProgram().getListing().getInstructions(bb, True):  # type: ignore [name-defined] # noqa: F821
+    for insn in capa.features.extractors.ghidra.helpers.get_current_program().getListing().getInstructions(bb, True):
        if is_mov_imm_to_stack(insn):
            count += get_printable_len(insn.getScalar(1))
        if count > MIN_STACKSTRING_LEN:
@@ -96,7 +96,9 @@ def _bb_has_tight_loop(bb: ghidra.program.model.block.CodeBlock):
    parse tight loops, true if last instruction in basic block branches to bb start
    """
    # Reverse Ordered, first InstructionDB
-    last_insn = currentProgram().getListing().getInstructions(bb, False).next()  # type: ignore [name-defined] # noqa: F821
+    last_insn = (
+        capa.features.extractors.ghidra.helpers.get_current_program().getListing().getInstructions(bb, False).next()
+    )

    if last_insn.getFlowType().isJump():
        return last_insn.getAddress(0) == bb.getMinAddress()
@@ -140,20 +142,3 @@ def extract_features(fh: FunctionHandle, bbh: BBHandle) -> Iterator[tuple[Featur
    for bb_handler in BASIC_BLOCK_HANDLERS:
        for feature, addr in bb_handler(fh, bbh):
            yield feature, addr
-
-
-def main():
-    features = []
-    from capa.features.extractors.ghidra.extractor import GhidraFeatureExtractor
-
-    for fh in GhidraFeatureExtractor().get_functions():
-        for bbh in capa.features.extractors.ghidra.helpers.get_function_blocks(fh):
-            features.extend(list(extract_features(fh, bbh)))
-
-    import pprint
-
-    pprint.pprint(features)  # noqa: T203
-
-
-if __name__ == "__main__":
-    main()
--- a/capa/features/extractors/ghidra/context.py
+++ b/capa/features/extractors/ghidra/context.py
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+# Copyright 2023 Google LLC
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+from typing import Optional
+
+
+class GhidraContext:
+    """
+    State holder for the Ghidra backend to avoid passing state to every function.
+
+    PyGhidra uses a context manager to set up the Ghidra environment (program, transaction, etc.).
+    We store the relevant objects here to allow easy access throughout the extractor
+    without needing to pass them as arguments to every feature extraction method.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, program, flat_api, monitor):
+        self.program = program
+        self.flat_api = flat_api
+        self.monitor = monitor
+
+
+_context: Optional[GhidraContext] = None
+
+
+def set_context(program, flat_api, monitor):
+    global _context
+    _context = GhidraContext(program, flat_api, monitor)
+
+
+def get_context() -> GhidraContext:
+    if _context is None:
+        raise RuntimeError("GhidraContext not initialized")
+    return _context
--- a/capa/features/extractors/ghidra/extractor.py
+++ b/capa/features/extractors/ghidra/extractor.py
@@ -12,11 +12,14 @@
 # See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 # limitations under the License.

+import weakref
+import contextlib
 from typing import Iterator

 import capa.features.extractors.ghidra.file
 import capa.features.extractors.ghidra.insn
 import capa.features.extractors.ghidra.global_
+import capa.features.extractors.ghidra.helpers as ghidra_helpers
 import capa.features.extractors.ghidra.function
 import capa.features.extractors.ghidra.basicblock
 from capa.features.common import Feature
@@ -31,19 +34,20 @@ from capa.features.extractors.base_extractor import (


 class GhidraFeatureExtractor(StaticFeatureExtractor):
-    def __init__(self):
-        import capa.features.extractors.ghidra.helpers as ghidra_helpers
+    def __init__(self, ctx_manager=None, tmpdir=None):
+        self.ctx_manager = ctx_manager
+        self.tmpdir = tmpdir

        super().__init__(
            SampleHashes(
-                md5=capa.ghidra.helpers.get_file_md5(),
+                md5=ghidra_helpers.get_current_program().getExecutableMD5(),
                # ghidra doesn't expose this hash.
                # https://ghidra.re/ghidra_docs/api/ghidra/program/model/listing/Program.html
                #
                # the hashes are stored in the database, not computed on the fly,
                # so it's probably not trivial to add SHA1.
                sha1="",
-                sha256=capa.ghidra.helpers.get_file_sha256(),
+                sha256=ghidra_helpers.get_current_program().getExecutableSHA256(),
            )
        )

@@ -55,8 +59,14 @@ class GhidraFeatureExtractor(StaticFeatureExtractor):
        self.externs = ghidra_helpers.get_file_externs()
        self.fakes = ghidra_helpers.map_fake_import_addrs()

+        # Register cleanup to run when the extractor is garbage collected or when the program exits.
+        # We use weakref.finalize instead of __del__ to avoid issues with reference cycles and
+        # to ensure deterministic cleanup on interpreter shutdown.
+        if self.ctx_manager or self.tmpdir:
+            weakref.finalize(self, cleanup, self.ctx_manager, self.tmpdir)
+
    def get_base_address(self):
-        return AbsoluteVirtualAddress(currentProgram().getImageBase().getOffset())  # type: ignore [name-defined] # noqa: F821
+        return AbsoluteVirtualAddress(ghidra_helpers.get_current_program().getImageBase().getOffset())

    def extract_global_features(self):
        yield from self.global_features
@@ -65,7 +75,6 @@ class GhidraFeatureExtractor(StaticFeatureExtractor):
        yield from capa.features.extractors.ghidra.file.extract_features()

    def get_functions(self) -> Iterator[FunctionHandle]:
-        import capa.features.extractors.ghidra.helpers as ghidra_helpers

        for fhandle in ghidra_helpers.get_function_symbols():
            fh: FunctionHandle = FunctionHandle(
@@ -77,14 +86,14 @@ class GhidraFeatureExtractor(StaticFeatureExtractor):

    @staticmethod
    def get_function(addr: int) -> FunctionHandle:
-        func = getFunctionContaining(toAddr(addr))  # type: ignore [name-defined] # noqa: F821
+
+        func = ghidra_helpers.get_flat_api().getFunctionContaining(ghidra_helpers.get_flat_api().toAddr(addr))
        return FunctionHandle(address=AbsoluteVirtualAddress(func.getEntryPoint().getOffset()), inner=func)

    def extract_function_features(self, fh: FunctionHandle) -> Iterator[tuple[Feature, Address]]:
        yield from capa.features.extractors.ghidra.function.extract_features(fh)

    def get_basic_blocks(self, fh: FunctionHandle) -> Iterator[BBHandle]:
-        import capa.features.extractors.ghidra.helpers as ghidra_helpers

        yield from ghidra_helpers.get_function_blocks(fh)

@@ -92,9 +101,17 @@ class GhidraFeatureExtractor(StaticFeatureExtractor):
        yield from capa.features.extractors.ghidra.basicblock.extract_features(fh, bbh)

    def get_instructions(self, fh: FunctionHandle, bbh: BBHandle) -> Iterator[InsnHandle]:
-        import capa.features.extractors.ghidra.helpers as ghidra_helpers

        yield from ghidra_helpers.get_insn_in_range(bbh)

    def extract_insn_features(self, fh: FunctionHandle, bbh: BBHandle, ih: InsnHandle):
        yield from capa.features.extractors.ghidra.insn.extract_features(fh, bbh, ih)
+
+
+def cleanup(ctx_manager, tmpdir):
+    if ctx_manager:
+        with contextlib.suppress(Exception):
+            ctx_manager.__exit__(None, None, None)
+    if tmpdir:
+        with contextlib.suppress(Exception):
+            tmpdir.cleanup()
--- a/capa/features/extractors/ghidra/file.py
+++ b/capa/features/extractors/ghidra/file.py
@@ -80,22 +80,54 @@ def extract_file_embedded_pe() -> Iterator[tuple[Feature, Address]]:
        for i in range(256)
    ]

-    for block in currentProgram().getMemory().getBlocks():  # type: ignore [name-defined] # noqa: F821
+    for block in capa.features.extractors.ghidra.helpers.get_current_program().getMemory().getBlocks():
        if not all((block.isLoaded(), block.isInitialized(), "Headers" not in block.getName())):
            continue

        for off, _ in find_embedded_pe(capa.features.extractors.ghidra.helpers.get_block_bytes(block), mz_xor):
            # add offset back to block start
-            ea: int = block.getStart().add(off).getOffset()
+            ea_addr = block.getStart().add(off)
+            ea = ea_addr.getOffset()
+            f_offset = capa.features.extractors.ghidra.helpers.get_file_offset(ea_addr)
+            if f_offset != -1:
+                ea = f_offset

            yield Characteristic("embedded pe"), FileOffsetAddress(ea)


 def extract_file_export_names() -> Iterator[tuple[Feature, Address]]:
    """extract function exports"""
-    st = currentProgram().getSymbolTable()  # type: ignore [name-defined] # noqa: F821
+    program = capa.features.extractors.ghidra.helpers.get_current_program()
+    st = program.getSymbolTable()
+
    for addr in st.getExternalEntryPointIterator():
-        yield Export(st.getPrimarySymbol(addr).getName()), AbsoluteVirtualAddress(addr.getOffset())
+        sym = st.getPrimarySymbol(addr)
+        name = sym.getName()
+
+        # Check for forwarded export
+        is_forwarded = False
+        refs = program.getReferenceManager().getReferencesFrom(addr)
+        for ref in refs:
+            if ref.getToAddress().isExternalAddress():
+                ext_sym = st.getPrimarySymbol(ref.getToAddress())
+                if ext_sym:
+                    ext_loc = program.getExternalManager().getExternalLocation(ext_sym)
+                    if ext_loc:
+                        # It is a forwarded export
+                        libname = ext_loc.getLibraryName()
+                        if libname.lower().endswith(".dll"):
+                            libname = libname[:-4]
+
+                        forwarded_name = f"{libname}.{ext_loc.getLabel()}"
+                        forwarded_name = capa.features.extractors.helpers.reformat_forwarded_export_name(forwarded_name)
+
+                        yield Export(forwarded_name), AbsoluteVirtualAddress(addr.getOffset())
+                        yield Characteristic("forwarded export"), AbsoluteVirtualAddress(addr.getOffset())
+                        is_forwarded = True
+                        break
+
+        if not is_forwarded:
+            yield Export(name), AbsoluteVirtualAddress(addr.getOffset())


 def extract_file_import_names() -> Iterator[tuple[Feature, Address]]:
@@ -110,7 +142,7 @@ def extract_file_import_names() -> Iterator[tuple[Feature, Address]]:
     - importname
    """

-    for f in currentProgram().getFunctionManager().getExternalFunctions():  # type: ignore [name-defined] # noqa: F821
+    for f in capa.features.extractors.ghidra.helpers.get_current_program().getFunctionManager().getExternalFunctions():
        for r in f.getSymbol().getReferences():
            if r.getReferenceType().isData():
                addr = r.getFromAddress().getOffset()  # gets pointer to fake external addr
@@ -126,14 +158,14 @@ def extract_file_import_names() -> Iterator[tuple[Feature, Address]]:
 def extract_file_section_names() -> Iterator[tuple[Feature, Address]]:
    """extract section names"""

-    for block in currentProgram().getMemory().getBlocks():  # type: ignore [name-defined] # noqa: F821
+    for block in capa.features.extractors.ghidra.helpers.get_current_program().getMemory().getBlocks():
        yield Section(block.getName()), AbsoluteVirtualAddress(block.getStart().getOffset())


 def extract_file_strings() -> Iterator[tuple[Feature, Address]]:
    """extract ASCII and UTF-16 LE strings"""

-    for block in currentProgram().getMemory().getBlocks():  # type: ignore [name-defined] # noqa: F821
+    for block in capa.features.extractors.ghidra.helpers.get_current_program().getMemory().getBlocks():
        if not block.isInitialized():
            continue

@@ -153,7 +185,8 @@ def extract_file_function_names() -> Iterator[tuple[Feature, Address]]:
    extract the names of statically-linked library functions.
    """

-    for sym in currentProgram().getSymbolTable().getAllSymbols(True):  # type: ignore [name-defined] # noqa: F821
+    for sym in capa.features.extractors.ghidra.helpers.get_current_program().getSymbolTable().getAllSymbols(True):
+
        # .isExternal() misses more than this config for the function symbols
        if sym.getSymbolType() == SymbolType.FUNCTION and sym.getSource() == SourceType.ANALYSIS and sym.isGlobal():
            name = sym.getName()  # starts to resolve names based on Ghidra's FidDB
@@ -170,7 +203,7 @@ def extract_file_function_names() -> Iterator[tuple[Feature, Address]]:


 def extract_file_format() -> Iterator[tuple[Feature, Address]]:
-    ef = currentProgram().getExecutableFormat()  # type: ignore [name-defined] # noqa: F821
+    ef = capa.features.extractors.ghidra.helpers.get_current_program().getExecutableFormat()
    if "PE" in ef:
        yield Format(FORMAT_PE), NO_ADDRESS
    elif "ELF" in ef:
@@ -198,14 +231,3 @@ FILE_HANDLERS = (
    extract_file_function_names,
    extract_file_format,
 )
-
-
-def main():
-    """ """
-    import pprint
-
-    pprint.pprint(list(extract_features()))  # noqa: T203
-
-
-if __name__ == "__main__":
-    main()
--- a/capa/features/extractors/ghidra/function.py
+++ b/capa/features/extractors/ghidra/function.py
@@ -26,21 +26,25 @@ from capa.features.extractors.base_extractor import FunctionHandle

 def extract_function_calls_to(fh: FunctionHandle):
    """extract callers to a function"""
-    f: ghidra.program.database.function.FunctionDB = fh.inner
+    f: "ghidra.program.database.function.FunctionDB" = fh.inner
    for ref in f.getSymbol().getReferences():
        if ref.getReferenceType().isCall():
            yield Characteristic("calls to"), AbsoluteVirtualAddress(ref.getFromAddress().getOffset())


 def extract_function_loop(fh: FunctionHandle):
-    f: ghidra.program.database.function.FunctionDB = fh.inner
+    f: "ghidra.program.database.function.FunctionDB" = fh.inner

    edges = []
-    for block in SimpleBlockIterator(BasicBlockModel(currentProgram()), f.getBody(), monitor()):  # type: ignore [name-defined] # noqa: F821
-        dests = block.getDestinations(monitor())  # type: ignore [name-defined] # noqa: F821
+    for block in SimpleBlockIterator(
+        BasicBlockModel(capa.features.extractors.ghidra.helpers.get_current_program()),
+        f.getBody(),
+        capa.features.extractors.ghidra.helpers.get_monitor(),
+    ):
+        dests = block.getDestinations(capa.features.extractors.ghidra.helpers.get_monitor())
        s_addrs = block.getStartAddresses()

-        while dests.hasNext():  # For loop throws Python TypeError
+        while dests.hasNext():
            for addr in s_addrs:
                edges.append((addr.getOffset(), dests.next().getDestinationAddress().getOffset()))

@@ -49,32 +53,17 @@ def extract_function_loop(fh: FunctionHandle):


 def extract_recursive_call(fh: FunctionHandle):
-    f: ghidra.program.database.function.FunctionDB = fh.inner
+    f: "ghidra.program.database.function.FunctionDB" = fh.inner

-    for func in f.getCalledFunctions(monitor()):  # type: ignore [name-defined] # noqa: F821
+    for func in f.getCalledFunctions(capa.features.extractors.ghidra.helpers.get_monitor()):
        if func.getEntryPoint().getOffset() == f.getEntryPoint().getOffset():
            yield Characteristic("recursive call"), AbsoluteVirtualAddress(f.getEntryPoint().getOffset())


 def extract_features(fh: FunctionHandle) -> Iterator[tuple[Feature, Address]]:
-    for func_handler in FUNCTION_HANDLERS:
-        for feature, addr in func_handler(fh):
+    for function_handler in FUNCTION_HANDLERS:
+        for feature, addr in function_handler(fh):
            yield feature, addr


 FUNCTION_HANDLERS = (extract_function_calls_to, extract_function_loop, extract_recursive_call)
-
-
-def main():
-    """ """
-    features = []
-    for fhandle in capa.features.extractors.ghidra.helpers.get_function_symbols():
-        features.extend(list(extract_features(fhandle)))
-
-    import pprint
-
-    pprint.pprint(features)  # noqa: T203
-
-
-if __name__ == "__main__":
-    main()
--- a/capa/features/extractors/ghidra/global_.py
+++ b/capa/features/extractors/ghidra/global_.py
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)


 def extract_os() -> Iterator[tuple[Feature, Address]]:
-    format_name: str = currentProgram().getExecutableFormat()  # type: ignore [name-defined] # noqa: F821
+    format_name: str = capa.features.extractors.ghidra.helpers.get_current_program().getExecutableFormat()

    if "PE" in format_name:
        yield OS(OS_WINDOWS), NO_ADDRESS
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ def extract_os() -> Iterator[tuple[Feature, Address]]:


 def extract_arch() -> Iterator[tuple[Feature, Address]]:
-    lang_id = currentProgram().getMetadata().get("Language ID")  # type: ignore [name-defined] # noqa: F821
+    lang_id = capa.features.extractors.ghidra.helpers.get_current_program().getMetadata().get("Language ID")

    if "x86" in lang_id and "64" in lang_id:
        yield Arch(ARCH_AMD64), NO_ADDRESS
--- a/capa/features/extractors/ghidra/helpers.py
+++ b/capa/features/extractors/ghidra/helpers.py
@@ -22,9 +22,22 @@ from ghidra.program.model.symbol import SourceType, SymbolType
 from ghidra.program.model.address import AddressSpace

 import capa.features.extractors.helpers
+import capa.features.extractors.ghidra.context as ghidra_context
 from capa.features.common import THUNK_CHAIN_DEPTH_DELTA
 from capa.features.address import AbsoluteVirtualAddress
-from capa.features.extractors.base_extractor import BBHandle, InsnHandle, FunctionHandle
+from capa.features.extractors.base_extractor import BBHandle, InsnHandle
+
+
+def get_current_program():
+    return ghidra_context.get_context().program
+
+
+def get_monitor():
+    return ghidra_context.get_context().monitor
+
+
+def get_flat_api():
+    return ghidra_context.get_context().flat_api


 def ints_to_bytes(bytez: list[int]) -> bytes:
@@ -36,7 +49,7 @@ def ints_to_bytes(bytez: list[int]) -> bytes:
    return bytes([b & 0xFF for b in bytez])


-def find_byte_sequence(addr: ghidra.program.model.address.Address, seq: bytes) -> Iterator[int]:
+def find_byte_sequence(addr: "ghidra.program.model.address.Address", seq: bytes) -> Iterator[int]:
    """yield all ea of a given byte sequence

    args:
@@ -44,12 +57,25 @@ def find_byte_sequence(addr: ghidra.program.model.address.Address, seq: bytes) -
        seq: bytes to search e.g. b"\x01\x03"
    """
    seqstr = "".join([f"\\x{b:02x}" for b in seq])
-    eas = findBytes(addr, seqstr, java.lang.Integer.MAX_VALUE, 1)  # type: ignore [name-defined] # noqa: F821
+    eas = get_flat_api().findBytes(addr, seqstr, java.lang.Integer.MAX_VALUE, 1)

    yield from eas


-def get_bytes(addr: ghidra.program.model.address.Address, length: int) -> bytes:
+def get_file_offset(addr: "ghidra.program.model.address.Address") -> int:
+    """get file offset for an address"""
+    block = get_current_program().getMemory().getBlock(addr)
+    if not block:
+        return -1
+
+    for info in block.getSourceInfos():
+        if info.contains(addr):
+            return info.getFileBytesOffset(addr)
+
+    return -1
+
+
+def get_bytes(addr: "ghidra.program.model.address.Address", length: int) -> bytes:
    """yield length bytes at addr

    args:
@@ -57,12 +83,12 @@ def get_bytes(addr: ghidra.program.model.address.Address, length: int) -> bytes:
        length: length of bytes to pull
    """
    try:
-        return ints_to_bytes(getBytes(addr, length))  # type: ignore [name-defined] # noqa: F821
-    except RuntimeError:
+        return ints_to_bytes(get_flat_api().getBytes(addr, int(length)))
+    except Exception:
        return b""


-def get_block_bytes(block: ghidra.program.model.mem.MemoryBlock) -> bytes:
+def get_block_bytes(block: "ghidra.program.model.mem.MemoryBlock") -> bytes:
    """yield all bytes in a given block

    args:
@@ -73,20 +99,21 @@ def get_block_bytes(block: ghidra.program.model.mem.MemoryBlock) -> bytes:

 def get_function_symbols():
    """yield all non-external function symbols"""
-    yield from currentProgram().getFunctionManager().getFunctionsNoStubs(True)  # type: ignore [name-defined] # noqa: F821
+    yield from get_current_program().getFunctionManager().getFunctionsNoStubs(True)


-def get_function_blocks(fh: FunctionHandle) -> Iterator[BBHandle]:
-    """yield BBHandle for each bb in a given function"""
+def get_function_blocks(fh: "capa.features.extractors.base_extractor.FunctionHandle") -> Iterator[BBHandle]:
+    """
+    yield the basic blocks of the function
+    """

-    func: ghidra.program.database.function.FunctionDB = fh.inner
-    for bb in SimpleBlockIterator(BasicBlockModel(currentProgram()), func.getBody(), monitor()):  # type: ignore [name-defined] # noqa: F821
-        yield BBHandle(address=AbsoluteVirtualAddress(bb.getMinAddress().getOffset()), inner=bb)
+    for block in SimpleBlockIterator(BasicBlockModel(get_current_program()), fh.inner.getBody(), get_monitor()):
+        yield BBHandle(address=AbsoluteVirtualAddress(block.getMinAddress().getOffset()), inner=block)


 def get_insn_in_range(bbh: BBHandle) -> Iterator[InsnHandle]:
    """yield InshHandle for each insn in a given basicblock"""
-    for insn in currentProgram().getListing().getInstructions(bbh.inner, True):  # type: ignore [name-defined] # noqa: F821
+    for insn in get_current_program().getListing().getInstructions(bbh.inner, True):
        yield InsnHandle(address=AbsoluteVirtualAddress(insn.getAddress().getOffset()), inner=insn)


@@ -95,7 +122,7 @@ def get_file_imports() -> dict[int, list[str]]:

    import_dict: dict[int, list[str]] = {}

-    for f in currentProgram().getFunctionManager().getExternalFunctions():  # type: ignore [name-defined] # noqa: F821
+    for f in get_current_program().getFunctionManager().getExternalFunctions():
        for r in f.getSymbol().getReferences():
            if r.getReferenceType().isData():
                addr = r.getFromAddress().getOffset()  # gets pointer to fake external addr
@@ -133,7 +160,7 @@ def get_file_externs() -> dict[int, list[str]]:

    extern_dict: dict[int, list[str]] = {}

-    for sym in currentProgram().getSymbolTable().getAllSymbols(True):  # type: ignore [name-defined] # noqa: F821
+    for sym in get_current_program().getSymbolTable().getAllSymbols(True):
        # .isExternal() misses more than this config for the function symbols
        if sym.getSymbolType() == SymbolType.FUNCTION and sym.getSource() == SourceType.ANALYSIS and sym.isGlobal():
            name = sym.getName()  # starts to resolve names based on Ghidra's FidDB
@@ -171,7 +198,7 @@ def map_fake_import_addrs() -> dict[int, list[int]]:
    """
    fake_dict: dict[int, list[int]] = {}

-    for f in currentProgram().getFunctionManager().getExternalFunctions():  # type: ignore [name-defined] # noqa: F821
+    for f in get_current_program().getFunctionManager().getExternalFunctions():
        for r in f.getSymbol().getReferences():
            if r.getReferenceType().isData():
                fake_dict.setdefault(f.getEntryPoint().getOffset(), []).append(r.getFromAddress().getOffset())
@@ -180,7 +207,7 @@ def map_fake_import_addrs() -> dict[int, list[int]]:


 def check_addr_for_api(
-    addr: ghidra.program.model.address.Address,
+    addr: "ghidra.program.model.address.Address",
    fakes: dict[int, list[int]],
    imports: dict[int, list[str]],
    externs: dict[int, list[str]],
@@ -202,18 +229,18 @@ def check_addr_for_api(
    return False


-def is_call_or_jmp(insn: ghidra.program.database.code.InstructionDB) -> bool:
+def is_call_or_jmp(insn: "ghidra.program.database.code.InstructionDB") -> bool:
    return any(mnem in insn.getMnemonicString() for mnem in ["CALL", "J"])  # JMP, JNE, JNZ, etc


-def is_sp_modified(insn: ghidra.program.database.code.InstructionDB) -> bool:
+def is_sp_modified(insn: "ghidra.program.database.code.InstructionDB") -> bool:
    for i in range(insn.getNumOperands()):
        if insn.getOperandType(i) == OperandType.REGISTER:
            return "SP" in insn.getRegister(i).getName() and insn.getOperandRefType(i).isWrite()
    return False


-def is_stack_referenced(insn: ghidra.program.database.code.InstructionDB) -> bool:
+def is_stack_referenced(insn: "ghidra.program.database.code.InstructionDB") -> bool:
    """generic catch-all for stack references"""
    for i in range(insn.getNumOperands()):
        if insn.getOperandType(i) == OperandType.REGISTER:
@@ -225,7 +252,7 @@ def is_stack_referenced(insn: ghidra.program.database.code.InstructionDB) -> boo
    return any(ref.isStackReference() for ref in insn.getReferencesFrom())


-def is_zxor(insn: ghidra.program.database.code.InstructionDB) -> bool:
+def is_zxor(insn: "ghidra.program.database.code.InstructionDB") -> bool:
    # assume XOR insn
    # XOR's against the same operand zero out
    ops = []
@@ -241,29 +268,29 @@ def is_zxor(insn: ghidra.program.database.code.InstructionDB) -> bool:
    return all(n == operands[0] for n in operands)


-def handle_thunk(addr: ghidra.program.model.address.Address):
+def handle_thunk(addr: "ghidra.program.model.address.Address"):
    """Follow thunk chains down to a reasonable depth"""
    ref = addr
    for _ in range(THUNK_CHAIN_DEPTH_DELTA):
-        thunk_jmp = getInstructionAt(ref)  # type: ignore [name-defined] # noqa: F821
+        thunk_jmp = get_flat_api().getInstructionAt(ref)
        if thunk_jmp and is_call_or_jmp(thunk_jmp):
            if OperandType.isAddress(thunk_jmp.getOperandType(0)):
                ref = thunk_jmp.getAddress(0)
        else:
-            thunk_dat = getDataContaining(ref)  # type: ignore [name-defined] # noqa: F821
+            thunk_dat = get_flat_api().getDataContaining(ref)
            if thunk_dat and thunk_dat.isDefined() and thunk_dat.isPointer():
                ref = thunk_dat.getValue()
                break  # end of thunk chain reached
    return ref


-def dereference_ptr(insn: ghidra.program.database.code.InstructionDB):
+def dereference_ptr(insn: "ghidra.program.database.code.InstructionDB"):
    addr_code = OperandType.ADDRESS | OperandType.CODE
    to_deref = insn.getAddress(0)
-    dat = getDataContaining(to_deref)  # type: ignore [name-defined] # noqa: F821
+    dat = get_flat_api().getDataContaining(to_deref)

    if insn.getOperandType(0) == addr_code:
-        thfunc = getFunctionContaining(to_deref)  # type: ignore [name-defined] # noqa: F821
+        thfunc = get_flat_api().getFunctionContaining(to_deref)
        if thfunc and thfunc.isThunk():
            return handle_thunk(to_deref)
        else:
@@ -294,7 +321,7 @@ def find_data_references_from_insn(insn, max_depth: int = 10):
        to_addr = reference.getToAddress()

        for _ in range(max_depth - 1):
-            data = getDataAt(to_addr)  # type: ignore [name-defined] # noqa: F821
+            data = get_flat_api().getDataAt(to_addr)
            if data and data.isPointer():
                ptr_value = data.getValue()

--- a/capa/features/extractors/ghidra/insn.py
+++ b/capa/features/extractors/ghidra/insn.py
@@ -234,7 +234,7 @@ def extract_insn_bytes_features(fh: FunctionHandle, bb: BBHandle, ih: InsnHandle
        push    offset iid_004118d4_IShellLinkA ; riid
    """
    for addr in capa.features.extractors.ghidra.helpers.find_data_references_from_insn(ih.inner):
-        data = getDataAt(addr)  # type: ignore [name-defined] # noqa: F821
+        data = capa.features.extractors.ghidra.helpers.get_flat_api().getDataAt(addr)
        if data and not data.hasStringValue():
            extracted_bytes = capa.features.extractors.ghidra.helpers.get_bytes(addr, MAX_BYTES_FEATURE_SIZE)
            if extracted_bytes and not capa.features.extractors.helpers.all_zeros(extracted_bytes):
@@ -249,9 +249,9 @@ def extract_insn_string_features(fh: FunctionHandle, bb: BBHandle, ih: InsnHandl
        push offset aAcr     ; "ACR  > "
    """
    for addr in capa.features.extractors.ghidra.helpers.find_data_references_from_insn(ih.inner):
-        data = getDataAt(addr)  # type: ignore [name-defined] # noqa: F821
+        data = capa.features.extractors.ghidra.helpers.get_flat_api().getDataAt(addr)
        if data and data.hasStringValue():
-            yield String(data.getValue()), ih.address
+            yield String(str(data.getValue())), ih.address


 def extract_insn_mnemonic_features(
@@ -361,8 +361,8 @@ def extract_insn_cross_section_cflow(
        if capa.features.extractors.ghidra.helpers.check_addr_for_api(ref, fakes, imports, externs):
            return

-    this_mem_block = getMemoryBlock(insn.getAddress())  # type: ignore [name-defined] # noqa: F821
-    ref_block = getMemoryBlock(ref)  # type: ignore [name-defined] # noqa: F821
+    this_mem_block = capa.features.extractors.ghidra.helpers.get_flat_api().getMemoryBlock(insn.getAddress())
+    ref_block = capa.features.extractors.ghidra.helpers.get_flat_api().getMemoryBlock(ref)
    if ref_block != this_mem_block:
        yield Characteristic("cross section flow"), ih.address

@@ -425,19 +425,19 @@ def check_nzxor_security_cookie_delta(
    Check if insn within last addr of last bb - delta
    """

-    model = SimpleBlockModel(currentProgram())  # type: ignore [name-defined] # noqa: F821
+    model = SimpleBlockModel(capa.features.extractors.ghidra.helpers.get_current_program())
    insn_addr = insn.getAddress()
    func_asv = fh.getBody()

    first_addr = func_asv.getMinAddress()
    if insn_addr < first_addr.add(SECURITY_COOKIE_BYTES_DELTA):
-        first_bb = model.getFirstCodeBlockContaining(first_addr, monitor())  # type: ignore [name-defined] # noqa: F821
+        first_bb = model.getFirstCodeBlockContaining(first_addr, capa.features.extractors.ghidra.helpers.get_monitor())
        if first_bb.contains(insn_addr):
            return True

    last_addr = func_asv.getMaxAddress()
    if insn_addr > last_addr.add(SECURITY_COOKIE_BYTES_DELTA * -1):
-        last_bb = model.getFirstCodeBlockContaining(last_addr, monitor())  # type: ignore [name-defined] # noqa: F821
+        last_bb = model.getFirstCodeBlockContaining(last_addr, capa.features.extractors.ghidra.helpers.get_monitor())
        if last_bb.contains(insn_addr):
            return True

@@ -488,22 +488,3 @@ INSTRUCTION_HANDLERS = (
    extract_function_calls_from,
    extract_function_indirect_call_characteristic_features,
 )
-
-
-def main():
-    """ """
-    features = []
-    from capa.features.extractors.ghidra.extractor import GhidraFeatureExtractor
-
-    for fh in GhidraFeatureExtractor().get_functions():
-        for bb in capa.features.extractors.ghidra.helpers.get_function_blocks(fh):
-            for insn in capa.features.extractors.ghidra.helpers.get_insn_in_range(bb):
-                features.extend(list(extract_features(fh, bb, insn)))
-
-    import pprint
-
-    pprint.pprint(features)  # noqa: T203
-
-
-if __name__ == "__main__":
-    main()
--- a/capa/ghidra/README.md
+++ b/capa/ghidra/README.md
@@ -1,107 +1,75 @@
-<div align="center">
-    <img src="../../doc/img/ghidra_backend_logo.png" width=240 height=125>
-</div>
+# capa analysis using Ghidra

-# capa + Ghidra
+capa supports using Ghidra (via [PyGhidra](https://github.com/NationalSecurityAgency/ghidra/tree/master/Ghidra/Features/PyGhidra)) as a feature extraction backend. This enables you to run capa against binaries using Ghidra's analysis engine.

-[capa](https://github.com/mandiant/capa) is the FLARE team’s open-source tool that detects capabilities in executable files. [Ghidra](https://github.com/NationalSecurityAgency/ghidra) is an open-source software reverse engineering framework created and maintained by the National Security Agency Research Directorate. capa + Ghidra brings capa’s detection capabilities directly to Ghidra’s user interface helping speed up your reverse engineering tasks by identifying what parts of a program suggest interesting behavior, such as setting a registry value. You can execute the included Python 3 scripts [capa_explorer.py](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mandiant/capa/master/capa/ghidra/capa_explorer.py) or [capa_ghidra.py](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mandiant/capa/master/capa/ghidra/capa_ghidra.py) to run capa’s analysis and view the results in Ghidra. You may be asking yourself, “Python 3 scripts in Ghidra?”. You read that correctly. This integration is written entirely in Python 3 and relies on [Ghidrathon]( https://github.com/mandiant/ghidrathon), an open source Ghidra extension that adds Python 3 scripting to Ghidra.
-
-Check out our capa + Ghidra blog posts:
-* [Riding Dragons: capa Harnesses Ghidra](https://www.mandiant.com/resources/blog/capa-harnesses-ghidra)
-
-## UI Integration
-[capa_explorer.py](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mandiant/capa/master/capa/ghidra/capa_explorer.py) renders capa results in Ghidra's UI to help you quickly navigate them. This includes adding matched functions to Ghidra’s Symbol Tree and Bookmarks windows and adding comments to functions that indicate matched capabilities and features. You can execute this script using Ghidra’s Script Manager window.
-
-### Symbol Tree Window
-Matched functions are added to Ghidra's Symbol Tree window under a custom namespace that maps to the capabilities' [capa namespace](https://github.com/mandiant/capa-rules/blob/master/doc/format.md#rule-namespace).
-<div align="center">
-    <img src="https://github.com/mandiant/capa/assets/66766340/eeae33f4-99d4-42dc-a5e8-4c1b8c661492" width=300>
-</div>
-
-### Comments
-
-Comments are added at the beginning of matched functions indicating matched capabilities and inline comments are added to functions indicating matched features. You can view these comments in Ghidra’s Disassembly Listing and Decompile windows.
-<div align="center">
-    <img src="https://github.com/mandiant/capa/assets/66766340/bb2b4170-7fd4-45fc-8c7b-ff8f2e2f101b" width=1000>
-</div>
-
-### Bookmarks
-
-Bookmarks are added to functions that matched a capability that is mapped to a MITRE ATT&CK and/or Malware Behavior Catalog (MBC) technique. You can view these bookmarks in Ghidra's Bookmarks window.
-<div align="center">
-    <img src="https://github.com/mandiant/capa/assets/66766340/7f9a66a9-7be7-4223-91c6-4b8fc4651336" width=825>
-</div>
-
-## Text-based Integration
-
-[capa_ghidra.py](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mandiant/capa/master/capa/ghidra/capa_ghidra.py) outputs text-based capa results that mirror the output of capa’s standalone tool. You can execute this script using Ghidra’s Script Manager and view its output in Ghidra’s Console window.
-
-<div align="center">
-  <img src="../../doc/img/ghidra_script_mngr_output.png" width=700>
-</div>
-
-You can also execute [capa_ghidra.py](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mandiant/capa/master/capa/ghidra/capa_ghidra.py) using Ghidra's Headless Analyzer to view its output in a terminal window.
-
-<div align="center">
-  <img src="../../doc/img/ghidra_headless_analyzer.png">
-</div>
-
-# Getting Started
-
-## Requirements
-
-| Tool | Version | Source |
-|------------|---------|--------|
-| capa | `>= 7.0.0` | https://github.com/mandiant/capa/releases |
-| Ghidrathon | `>= 3.0.0` | https://github.com/mandiant/Ghidrathon/releases |
-| Ghidra | `>= 10.3.2` | https://github.com/NationalSecurityAgency/ghidra/releases |
-| Python | `>= 3.10.0` | https://www.python.org/downloads |
-
-## Installation
-
-**Note**: capa + Ghidra relies on [Ghidrathon]( https://github.com/mandiant/ghidrathon) to execute Python 3 code in Ghidra. You must first install and configure Ghidrathon using the [steps outlined in its README]( https://github.com/mandiant/ghidrathon?tab=readme-ov-file#installing-ghidrathon). Then, you must use the Python 3 interpreter that you configured with Ghidrathon to complete the following steps:
-
-1. Install capa and its dependencies from PyPI using the following command:
 ```bash
-$ pip install flare-capa
+$ capa -b ghidra Practical\ Malware\ Analysis\ Lab\ 01-01.exe_
+┌──────────┬──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
+│ md5      │ bb7425b82141a1c0f7d60e5106676bb1                                                                     │
+│ sha1     │                                                                                                      │
+│ sha256   │ 58898bd42c5bd3bf9b1389f0eee5b39cd59180e8370eb9ea838a0b327bd6fe47                                     │
+│ analysis │ static                                                                                               │
+│ os       │ windows                                                                                              │
+│ format   │ pe                                                                                                   │
+│ arch     │ i386                                                                                                 │
+│ path     │ ~/Documents/capa/tests/data/Practical Malware Analysis Lab 01-01.exe_                                │
+└──────────┴──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
+┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓
+┃ ATT&CK Tactic                      ┃ ATT&CK Technique                                            ┃
+┡━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┩
+│ DISCOVERY                          │ File and Directory Discovery [T1083]                        │
+└────────────────────────────────────┴─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
+┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓
+┃ MBC Objective                      ┃ MBC Behavior                                                ┃
+┡━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┩
+│ DISCOVERY                          │ File and Directory Discovery [E1083]                        │
+│ FILE SYSTEM                        │ Copy File [C0045]                                           │
+│                                    │ Read File [C0051]                                           │
+│ PROCESS                            │ Terminate Process [C0018]                                   │
+└────────────────────────────────────┴─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
+┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓
+┃ Capability                                     ┃ Namespace                                       ┃
+┡━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┩
+│ copy file                                      │ host-interaction/file-system/copy               │
+│ enumerate files recursively                    │ host-interaction/file-system/files/list         │
+│ read file via mapping (2 matches)              │ host-interaction/file-system/read               │
+│ terminate process (2 matches)                  │ host-interaction/process/terminate              │
+│ resolve function by parsing PE exports         │ load-code/pe                                    │
+└────────────────────────────────────────────────┴─────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
 ```

-2. Download and extract the [official capa rules](https://github.com/mandiant/capa-rules/releases) that match the capa version you have installed. You can use the following command to view the version of capa you have installed:
+## getting started
+
+### requirements
+
+- [Ghidra](https://github.com/NationalSecurityAgency/ghidra) >= 12.0 must be installed and available via the `GHIDRA_INSTALL_DIR` environment variable.
+
+#### standalone binary (recommended)
+
+The capa [standalone binary](https://github.com/mandiant/capa/releases) is the preferred way to run capa with the Ghidra backend.
+Although the binary does not bundle the Java environment or Ghidra itself, it will dynamically load them at runtime.
+
+#### python package
+
+You can also use the Ghidra backend with the capa Python package by installing `flare-capa` with the `ghidra` extra.
+
 ```bash
-$ pip show flare-capa
-OR
-$ capa --version
+$ pip install "flare-capa[ghidra]"
 ```

-3. Copy [capa_explorer.py](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mandiant/capa/master/capa/ghidra/capa_explorer.py) and [capa_ghidra.py](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mandiant/capa/master/capa/ghidra/capa_ghidra.py) to your `ghidra_scripts` directory or manually add the parent directory of each script using Ghidra’s Script Manager.
+### usage

-## Usage
+To use the Ghidra backend, specify it with the `-b` or `--backend` flag:

-You can execute [capa_explorer.py](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mandiant/capa/master/capa/ghidra/capa_explorer.py) and [capa_ghidra.py](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mandiant/capa/master/capa/ghidra/capa_ghidra.py) using Ghidra’s Script Manager. [capa_ghidra.py](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mandiant/capa/master/capa/ghidra/capa_ghidra.py) can also be executed using Ghidra's Headless Analyzer.
-
-### Execution using Ghidra’s Script Manager
-
-You can execute [capa_explorer.py](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mandiant/capa/master/capa/ghidra/capa_explorer.py) and [capa_ghidra.py](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mandiant/capa/master/capa/ghidra/capa_ghidra.py) using Ghidra's Script Manager as follows:
-1. Navigate to `Window > Script Manager`
-2. Expand the `Python 3 > capa` category
-3. Double-click a script to execute it
-
-Both scripts ask you to provide the path of your capa rules directory (see installation step 2). [capa_ghidra.py](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mandiant/capa/master/capa/ghidra/capa_ghidra.py) also has you choose one of `default`, `verbose`, and `vverbose` output formats which mirror the output formats of capa’s standalone tool.
-
-### Execution using Ghidra’s Headless Analyzer
-
-You can execute [capa_ghidra.py](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mandiant/capa/master/capa/ghidra/capa_ghidra.py) using Ghidra’s Headless Analyzer by invoking the `analyzeHeadless` script included with Ghidra in its `support` directory. The following arguments must be provided:
-
-| Argument | Description |
-|----|----|
-|`<project_path>`| Path to Ghidra project|
-| `<project_name>`| Name of Ghidra Project|
-| `-Process <sample_name>` OR `-Import <sample_path>`| Name of sample `<sample_name>` already imported into `<project_name>` OR absolute path of sample `<sample_path>` to import into `<project_name>`|
-| `-ScriptPath <script_path>`| OPTIONAL parent directory `<script_path>` of [capa_ghidra.py](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mandiant/capa/master/capa/ghidra/capa_ghidra.py)|
-| `-PostScript capa_ghidra.py`| Execute [capa_ghidra.py](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mandiant/capa/master/capa/ghidra/capa_ghidra.py) after Ghidra analysis|
-| `"<script_args>"`| Quoted string `"<script_args>"` containing script arguments passed to [capa_ghidra.py](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mandiant/capa/master/capa/ghidra/capa_ghidra.py) that must specify a capa rules path and optionally the output format (`--verbose`, `--vverbose`, `--json`) – you can specify `”help”` to view the script’s help message |
-
-The following is an example of combining these arguments into a single `analyzeHeadless` script command:
 ```bash
-$ analyzeHeadless /home/wumbo/demo demo -Import /home/wumbo/capa/tests/data/Practical\ Malware\ Analysis\ Lab\ 01-01.dll_ -PostScript capa_ghidra.py "/home/wumbo/capa/rules --verbose"
+$ capa -b ghidra /path/to/sample
 ```
+
+capa will:
+1.  Initialize a headless Ghidra instance.
+2.  Create a temporary project.
+3.  Import and analyze the sample.
+4.  Extract features and match rules.
+5.  Clean up the temporary project.
+
+**Note:** The first time you run this, it may take a few moments to initialize the Ghidra environment.
--- a/capa/ghidra/capa_ghidra.py
+++ b/capa/ghidra/capa_ghidra.py
@@ -1,174 +0,0 @@
-# Run capa against loaded Ghidra database and render results in Ghidra Console window
-# @author Mike Hunhoff (mehunhoff@google.com)
-# @category Python 3.capa
-
-# Copyright 2023 Google LLC
-#
-# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-# You may obtain a copy of the License at
-#
-#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-#
-# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-# limitations under the License.
-
-import sys
-import logging
-import pathlib
-import argparse
-
-import capa
-import capa.main
-import capa.rules
-import capa.ghidra.helpers
-import capa.render.default
-import capa.capabilities.common
-import capa.features.extractors.ghidra.extractor
-
-logger = logging.getLogger("capa_ghidra")
-
-
-def run_headless():
-    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="The FLARE team's open-source tool to integrate capa with Ghidra.")
-
-    parser.add_argument(
-        "rules",
-        type=str,
-        help="path to rule file or directory",
-    )
-    parser.add_argument(
-        "-v", "--verbose", action="store_true", help="enable verbose result document (no effect with --json)"
-    )
-    parser.add_argument(
-        "-vv", "--vverbose", action="store_true", help="enable very verbose result document (no effect with --json)"
-    )
-    parser.add_argument("-d", "--debug", action="store_true", help="enable debugging output on STDERR")
-    parser.add_argument("-q", "--quiet", action="store_true", help="disable all output but errors")
-    parser.add_argument("-j", "--json", action="store_true", help="emit JSON instead of text")
-
-    script_args = list(getScriptArgs())  # type: ignore [name-defined] # noqa: F821
-    if not script_args or len(script_args) > 1:
-        script_args = []
-    else:
-        script_args = script_args[0].split()
-        for idx, arg in enumerate(script_args):
-            if arg.lower() == "help":
-                script_args[idx] = "--help"
-
-    args = parser.parse_args(args=script_args)
-
-    if args.quiet:
-        logging.basicConfig(level=logging.WARNING)
-        logging.getLogger().setLevel(logging.WARNING)
-    elif args.debug:
-        logging.basicConfig(level=logging.DEBUG)
-        logging.getLogger().setLevel(logging.DEBUG)
-    else:
-        logging.basicConfig(level=logging.INFO)
-        logging.getLogger().setLevel(logging.INFO)
-
-    logger.debug("running in Ghidra headless mode")
-
-    rules_path = pathlib.Path(args.rules)
-
-    logger.debug("rule path: %s", rules_path)
-    rules = capa.rules.get_rules([rules_path])
-
-    meta = capa.ghidra.helpers.collect_metadata([rules_path])
-    extractor = capa.features.extractors.ghidra.extractor.GhidraFeatureExtractor()
-
-    capabilities = capa.capabilities.common.find_capabilities(rules, extractor, False)
-
-    meta.analysis.feature_counts = capabilities.feature_counts
-    meta.analysis.library_functions = capabilities.library_functions
-    meta.analysis.layout = capa.loader.compute_layout(rules, extractor, capabilities.matches)
-
-    if capa.capabilities.common.has_static_limitation(rules, capabilities, is_standalone=True):
-        logger.info("capa encountered warnings during analysis")
-
-    if args.json:
-        print(capa.render.json.render(meta, rules, capabilities.matches))  # noqa: T201
-    elif args.vverbose:
-        print(capa.render.vverbose.render(meta, rules, capabilities.matches))  # noqa: T201
-    elif args.verbose:
-        print(capa.render.verbose.render(meta, rules, capabilities.matches))  # noqa: T201
-    else:
-        print(capa.render.default.render(meta, rules, capabilities.matches))  # noqa: T201
-
-    return 0
-
-
-def run_ui():
-    logging.basicConfig(level=logging.INFO)
-    logging.getLogger().setLevel(logging.INFO)
-
-    rules_dir: str = ""
-    try:
-        selected_dir = askDirectory("Choose capa rules directory", "Ok")  # type: ignore [name-defined] # noqa: F821
-        if selected_dir:
-            rules_dir = selected_dir.getPath()
-    except RuntimeError:
-        # RuntimeError thrown when user selects "Cancel"
-        pass
-
-    if not rules_dir:
-        logger.info("You must choose a capa rules directory before running capa.")
-        return capa.main.E_MISSING_RULES
-
-    verbose = askChoice(  # type: ignore [name-defined] # noqa: F821
-        "capa output verbosity", "Choose capa output verbosity", ["default", "verbose", "vverbose"], "default"
-    )
-
-    rules_path: pathlib.Path = pathlib.Path(rules_dir)
-    logger.info("running capa using rules from %s", str(rules_path))
-
-    rules = capa.rules.get_rules([rules_path])
-
-    meta = capa.ghidra.helpers.collect_metadata([rules_path])
-    extractor = capa.features.extractors.ghidra.extractor.GhidraFeatureExtractor()
-
-    capabilities = capa.capabilities.common.find_capabilities(rules, extractor, True)
-
-    meta.analysis.feature_counts = capabilities.feature_counts
-    meta.analysis.library_functions = capabilities.library_functions
-    meta.analysis.layout = capa.loader.compute_layout(rules, extractor, capabilities.matches)
-
-    if capa.capabilities.common.has_static_limitation(rules, capabilities, is_standalone=False):
-        logger.info("capa encountered warnings during analysis")
-
-    if verbose == "vverbose":
-        print(capa.render.vverbose.render(meta, rules, capabilities.matches))  # noqa: T201
-    elif verbose == "verbose":
-        print(capa.render.verbose.render(meta, rules, capabilities.matches))  # noqa: T201
-    else:
-        print(capa.render.default.render(meta, rules, capabilities.matches))  # noqa: T201
-
-    return 0
-
-
-def main():
-    if not capa.ghidra.helpers.is_supported_ghidra_version():
-        return capa.main.E_UNSUPPORTED_GHIDRA_VERSION
-
-    if not capa.ghidra.helpers.is_supported_file_type():
-        return capa.main.E_INVALID_FILE_TYPE
-
-    if not capa.ghidra.helpers.is_supported_arch_type():
-        return capa.main.E_INVALID_FILE_ARCH
-
-    if isRunningHeadless():  # type: ignore [name-defined] # noqa: F821
-        return run_headless()
-    else:
-        return run_ui()
-
-
-if __name__ == "__main__":
-    if sys.version_info < (3, 10):
-        from capa.exceptions import UnsupportedRuntimeError
-
-        raise UnsupportedRuntimeError("This version of capa can only be used with Python 3.10+")
-    sys.exit(main())
--- a/capa/ghidra/helpers.py
+++ b/capa/ghidra/helpers.py
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ import capa.version
 import capa.features.common
 import capa.features.freeze
 import capa.render.result_document as rdoc
+import capa.features.extractors.ghidra.context as ghidra_context
 import capa.features.extractors.ghidra.helpers
 from capa.features.address import AbsoluteVirtualAddress

@@ -31,6 +32,18 @@ logger = logging.getLogger("capa")
 SUPPORTED_FILE_TYPES = ("Executable and Linking Format (ELF)", "Portable Executable (PE)", "Raw Binary")


+def get_current_program():
+    return ghidra_context.get_context().program
+
+
+def get_flat_api():
+    return ghidra_context.get_context().flat_api
+
+
+def get_monitor():
+    return ghidra_context.get_context().monitor
+
+
 class GHIDRAIO:
    """
    An object that acts as a file-like object,
@@ -48,7 +61,12 @@ class GHIDRAIO:
        self.offset = offset

    def read(self, size):
-        logger.debug("reading 0x%x bytes at 0x%x (ea: 0x%x)", size, self.offset, currentProgram().getImageBase().add(self.offset).getOffset())  # type: ignore [name-defined] # noqa: F821
+        logger.debug(
+            "reading 0x%x bytes at 0x%x (ea: 0x%x)",
+            size,
+            self.offset,
+            get_current_program().getImageBase().add(self.offset).getOffset(),
+        )

        if size > len(self.bytes_) - self.offset:
            logger.debug("cannot read 0x%x bytes at 0x%x (ea: BADADDR)", size, self.offset)
@@ -60,7 +78,7 @@ class GHIDRAIO:
        return

    def get_bytes(self):
-        file_bytes = currentProgram().getMemory().getAllFileBytes()[0]  # type: ignore [name-defined] # noqa: F821
+        file_bytes = get_current_program().getMemory().getAllFileBytes()[0]

        # getOriginalByte() allows for raw file parsing on the Ghidra side
        # other functions will fail as Ghidra will think that it's reading uninitialized memory
@@ -70,21 +88,32 @@ class GHIDRAIO:


 def is_supported_ghidra_version():
-    version = float(getGhidraVersion()[:4])  # type: ignore [name-defined] # noqa: F821
-    if version < 10.2:
-        warning_msg = "capa does not support this Ghidra version"
-        logger.warning(warning_msg)
-        logger.warning("Your Ghidra version is: %s. Supported versions are: Ghidra >= 10.2", version)
+    import ghidra.framework
+
+    version = ghidra.framework.Application.getApplicationVersion()
+    try:
+        # version format example: "11.1.2" or "11.4"
+        major, minor = map(int, version.split(".")[:2])
+        if major < 12:
+            logger.error("-" * 80)
+            logger.error(" Ghidra version %s is not supported.", version)
+            logger.error(" ")
+            logger.error(" capa requires Ghidra 12.0 or higher.")
+            logger.error("-" * 80)
+            return False
+    except ValueError:
+        logger.warning("could not parse Ghidra version: %s", version)
        return False
+
    return True


 def is_running_headless():
-    return isRunningHeadless()  # type: ignore [name-defined] # noqa: F821
+    return True  # PyGhidra is always headless in this context


 def is_supported_file_type():
-    file_info = currentProgram().getExecutableFormat()  # type: ignore [name-defined] # noqa: F821
+    file_info = get_current_program().getExecutableFormat()
    if file_info not in SUPPORTED_FILE_TYPES:
        logger.error("-" * 80)
        logger.error(" Input file does not appear to be a supported file type.")
@@ -99,7 +128,7 @@ def is_supported_file_type():


 def is_supported_arch_type():
-    lang_id = str(currentProgram().getLanguageID()).lower()  # type: ignore [name-defined] # noqa: F821
+    lang_id = str(get_current_program().getLanguageID()).lower()

    if not all((lang_id.startswith("x86"), any(arch in lang_id for arch in ("32", "64")))):
        logger.error("-" * 80)
@@ -112,18 +141,18 @@ def is_supported_arch_type():


 def get_file_md5():
-    return currentProgram().getExecutableMD5()  # type: ignore [name-defined] # noqa: F821
+    return get_current_program().getExecutableMD5()


 def get_file_sha256():
-    return currentProgram().getExecutableSHA256()  # type: ignore [name-defined] # noqa: F821
+    return get_current_program().getExecutableSHA256()


 def collect_metadata(rules: list[Path]):
    md5 = get_file_md5()
    sha256 = get_file_sha256()

-    info = currentProgram().getLanguageID().toString()  # type: ignore [name-defined] # noqa: F821
+    info = get_current_program().getLanguageID().toString()
    if "x86" in info and "64" in info:
        arch = "x86_64"
    elif "x86" in info and "32" in info:
@@ -131,11 +160,11 @@ def collect_metadata(rules: list[Path]):
    else:
        arch = "unknown arch"

-    format_name: str = currentProgram().getExecutableFormat()  # type: ignore [name-defined] # noqa: F821
+    format_name: str = get_current_program().getExecutableFormat()
    if "PE" in format_name:
        os = "windows"
    elif "ELF" in format_name:
-        with contextlib.closing(capa.ghidra.helpers.GHIDRAIO()) as f:
+        with contextlib.closing(GHIDRAIO()) as f:
            os = capa.features.extractors.elf.detect_elf_os(f)
    else:
        os = "unknown os"
@@ -148,16 +177,18 @@ def collect_metadata(rules: list[Path]):
            md5=md5,
            sha1="",
            sha256=sha256,
-            path=currentProgram().getExecutablePath(),  # type: ignore [name-defined] # noqa: F821
+            path=get_current_program().getExecutablePath(),
        ),
        flavor=rdoc.Flavor.STATIC,
        analysis=rdoc.StaticAnalysis(
-            format=currentProgram().getExecutableFormat(),  # type: ignore [name-defined] # noqa: F821
+            format=get_current_program().getExecutableFormat(),
            arch=arch,
            os=os,
            extractor="ghidra",
            rules=tuple(r.resolve().absolute().as_posix() for r in rules),
-            base_address=capa.features.freeze.Address.from_capa(AbsoluteVirtualAddress(currentProgram().getImageBase().getOffset())),  # type: ignore [name-defined] # noqa: F821
+            base_address=capa.features.freeze.Address.from_capa(
+                AbsoluteVirtualAddress(get_current_program().getImageBase().getOffset())
+            ),
            layout=rdoc.StaticLayout(
                functions=(),
            ),
--- a/capa/ghidra/plugin/README.md
+++ b/capa/ghidra/plugin/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+<div align="center">
+    <img src="https://github.com/mandiant/capa/blob/master/doc/img/ghidra_backend_logo.png" width=240 height=125>
+</div>
+
+# capa explorer for Ghidra
+
+capa explorer for Ghidra brings capa’s detection capabilities directly to Ghidra’s user interface helping speed up your reverse engineering tasks by identifying what parts of a program suggest interesting behavior, such as setting a registry value. You can execute (via [PyGhidra](https://github.com/NationalSecurityAgency/ghidra/tree/master/Ghidra/Features/PyGhidra)) the script [capa_explorer.py](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mandiant/capa/master/capa/ghidra/plugin/capa_explorer.py) using Ghidra’s Script Manager window to run capa’s analysis and view the results in Ghidra.
+
+## ui integration
+[capa_explorer.py](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mandiant/capa/master/capa/ghidra/capa_explorer.py) renders capa results in Ghidra's UI to help you quickly navigate them. This includes adding matched functions to Ghidra’s Symbol Tree and Bookmarks windows and adding comments to functions that indicate matched capabilities and features. You can execute this script using Ghidra’s Script Manager window.
+
+### symbol tree window
+Matched functions are added to Ghidra's Symbol Tree window under a custom namespace that maps to the capabilities' [capa namespace](https://github.com/mandiant/capa-rules/blob/master/doc/format.md#rule-namespace).
+<div align="center">
+    <img src="https://github.com/mandiant/capa/assets/66766340/eeae33f4-99d4-42dc-a5e8-4c1b8c661492" width=300>
+</div>
+
+### comments
+
+Comments are added at the beginning of matched functions indicating matched capabilities and inline comments are added to functions indicating matched features. You can view these comments in Ghidra’s Disassembly Listing and Decompile windows.
+<div align="center">
+    <img src="https://github.com/mandiant/capa/assets/66766340/bb2b4170-7fd4-45fc-8c7b-ff8f2e2f101b" width=1000>
+</div>
+
+### bookmarks
+
+Bookmarks are added to functions that matched a capability that is mapped to a MITRE ATT&CK and/or Malware Behavior Catalog (MBC) technique. You can view these bookmarks in Ghidra's Bookmarks window.
+<div align="center">
+    <img src="https://github.com/mandiant/capa/assets/66766340/7f9a66a9-7be7-4223-91c6-4b8fc4651336" width=825>
+</div>
+
+# getting started
+
+## requirements
+
+- [Ghidra](https://github.com/NationalSecurityAgency/ghidra) >= 12.0 must be installed.
+- [flare-capa](https://pypi.org/project/flare-capa/) >= 10.0 must be installed (virtual environment recommended) with the `ghidra` extra (e.g., `pip install "flare-capa[ghidra]"`).
+- [capa rules](https://github.com/mandiant/capa-rules) must be downloaded for the version of capa you are using.
+
+## execution
+
+### 1. run Ghidra with PyGhidra
+You must start Ghidra using the `pyghidraRun` script provided in the support directory of your Ghidra installation to ensure the Python environment is correctly loaded. You should execute `pyghidraRun` from within the Python environment that you used to install capa.
+
+```bash
+<ghidra_install>/support/pyghidraRun
+```
+
+### 2. run capa_explorer.py
+1. Open your Ghidra project and CodeBrowser.
+2. Open the Script Manager.
+3. Add [capa_explorer.py](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mandiant/capa/master/capa/ghidra/plugin/capa_explorer.py) to the script directories.
+4. Filter for capa and run the script.
+5. When prompted, select the directory containing the downloaded capa rules.
--- a/capa/ghidra/plugin/capa_explorer.py
+++ b/capa/ghidra/plugin/capa_explorer.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-# Run capa against loaded Ghidra database and render results in Ghidra UI
-# @author Colton Gabertan (gabertan.colton@gmail.com)
-# @category Python 3.capa
-
 # Copyright 2024 Google LLC
 #
 # Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
@@ -16,36 +12,63 @@
 # See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 # limitations under the License.

-import sys
+# Run capa against loaded Ghidra database and render results in Ghidra UI
+
+# @author Colton Gabertan (gabertan.colton@gmail.com)
+# @category capa
+# @runtime PyGhidra
+
 import json
 import logging
 import pathlib
 from typing import Any

+from java.util import ArrayList
+from ghidra.util import Msg
 from ghidra.app.cmd.label import AddLabelCmd, CreateNamespacesCmd
+from ghidra.util.exception import CancelledException
+from ghidra.program.flatapi import FlatProgramAPI
 from ghidra.program.model.symbol import Namespace, SourceType, SymbolType

 import capa
 import capa.main
 import capa.rules
+import capa.version
 import capa.render.json
 import capa.ghidra.helpers
 import capa.capabilities.common
+import capa.features.extractors.ghidra.context
 import capa.features.extractors.ghidra.extractor

 logger = logging.getLogger("capa_explorer")


+def show_monitor_message(msg):
+    capa.ghidra.helpers.get_monitor().checkCanceled()
+    capa.ghidra.helpers.get_monitor().setMessage(msg)
+
+
+def show_error(msg):
+    Msg.showError(None, None, "capa explorer", msg)
+
+
+def show_warn(msg):
+    Msg.showWarn(None, None, "capa explorer", msg)
+
+
+def show_info(msg):
+    Msg.showInfo(None, None, "capa explorer", msg)
+
+
 def add_bookmark(addr, txt, category="CapaExplorer"):
    """create bookmark at addr"""
-    currentProgram().getBookmarkManager().setBookmark(addr, "Info", category, txt)  # type: ignore [name-defined] # noqa: F821
+    capa.ghidra.helpers.get_current_program().getBookmarkManager().setBookmark(addr, "Info", category, txt)


 def create_namespace(namespace_str):
    """create new Ghidra namespace for each capa namespace"""
-
    cmd = CreateNamespacesCmd(namespace_str, SourceType.USER_DEFINED)
-    cmd.applyTo(currentProgram())  # type: ignore [name-defined] # noqa: F821
+    cmd.applyTo(capa.ghidra.helpers.get_current_program())
    return cmd.getNamespace()


@@ -53,7 +76,7 @@ def create_label(ghidra_addr, name, capa_namespace):
    """custom label cmd to overlay symbols under capa-generated namespaces"""

    # prevent duplicate labels under the same capa-generated namespace
-    symbol_table = currentProgram().getSymbolTable()  # type: ignore [name-defined] # noqa: F821
+    symbol_table = capa.ghidra.helpers.get_current_program().getSymbolTable()
    for sym in symbol_table.getSymbols(ghidra_addr):
        if sym.getName(True) == capa_namespace.getName(True) + Namespace.DELIMITER + name:
            return
@@ -61,7 +84,7 @@ def create_label(ghidra_addr, name, capa_namespace):
    # create SymbolType.LABEL at addr
    # prioritize capa-generated namespace (duplicate match @ new addr), else put under global Ghidra one (new match)
    cmd = AddLabelCmd(ghidra_addr, name, True, SourceType.USER_DEFINED)
-    cmd.applyTo(currentProgram())  # type: ignore [name-defined] # noqa: F821
+    cmd.applyTo(capa.ghidra.helpers.get_current_program())

    # assign new match overlay label to capa-generated namespace
    cmd.getSymbol().setNamespace(capa_namespace)
@@ -92,8 +115,8 @@ class CapaMatchData:
            return

        for key in self.matches.keys():
-            addr = toAddr(hex(key))  # type: ignore [name-defined] # noqa: F821
-            func = getFunctionContaining(addr)  # type: ignore [name-defined] # noqa: F821
+            addr = capa.ghidra.helpers.get_flat_api().toAddr(hex(key))
+            func = capa.ghidra.helpers.get_flat_api().getFunctionContaining(addr)

            # bookmark & tag MITRE ATT&CK tactics & MBC @ function scope
            if func is not None:
@@ -117,140 +140,160 @@ class CapaMatchData:

    def set_plate_comment(self, ghidra_addr):
        """set plate comments at matched functions"""
-        comment = getPlateComment(ghidra_addr)  # type: ignore [name-defined] # noqa: F821
+        comment = capa.ghidra.helpers.get_flat_api().getPlateComment(ghidra_addr)
        rule_path = self.namespace.replace(Namespace.DELIMITER, "/")
        # 2 calls to avoid duplicate comments via subsequent script runs
        if comment is None:
            # first comment @ function
            comment = rule_path + "\n"
-            setPlateComment(ghidra_addr, comment)  # type: ignore [name-defined] # noqa: F821
+            capa.ghidra.helpers.get_flat_api().setPlateComment(ghidra_addr, comment)
        elif rule_path not in comment:
            comment = comment + rule_path + "\n"
-            setPlateComment(ghidra_addr, comment)  # type: ignore [name-defined] # noqa: F821
+            capa.ghidra.helpers.get_flat_api().setPlateComment(ghidra_addr, comment)
        else:
            return

    def set_pre_comment(self, ghidra_addr, sub_type, description):
        """set pre comments at subscoped matches of main rules"""
-        comment = getPreComment(ghidra_addr)  # type: ignore [name-defined] # noqa: F821
+        comment = capa.ghidra.helpers.get_flat_api().getPreComment(ghidra_addr)
        if comment is None:
            comment = "capa: " + sub_type + "(" + description + ")" + ' matched in "' + self.capability + '"\n'
-            setPreComment(ghidra_addr, comment)  # type: ignore [name-defined] # noqa: F821
+            capa.ghidra.helpers.get_flat_api().setPreComment(ghidra_addr, comment)
        elif self.capability not in comment:
            comment = (
                comment + "capa: " + sub_type + "(" + description + ")" + ' matched in "' + self.capability + '"\n'
            )
-            setPreComment(ghidra_addr, comment)  # type: ignore [name-defined] # noqa: F821
+            capa.ghidra.helpers.get_flat_api().setPreComment(ghidra_addr, comment)
        else:
            return

-    def label_matches(self):
+    def label_matches(self, do_namespaces, do_comments):
        """label findings at function scopes and comment on subscope matches"""
-        capa_namespace = create_namespace(self.namespace)
-        symbol_table = currentProgram().getSymbolTable()  # type: ignore [name-defined] # noqa: F821
+        capa_namespace = None
+        if do_namespaces:
+            capa_namespace = create_namespace(self.namespace)
+
+        symbol_table = capa.ghidra.helpers.get_current_program().getSymbolTable()

        # handle function main scope of matched rule
        # these will typically contain further matches within
        if self.scope == "function":
            for addr in self.matches.keys():
-                ghidra_addr = toAddr(hex(addr))  # type: ignore [name-defined] # noqa: F821
+                ghidra_addr = capa.ghidra.helpers.get_flat_api().toAddr(hex(addr))

                # classify new function label under capa-generated namespace
-                sym = symbol_table.getPrimarySymbol(ghidra_addr)
-                if sym is not None:
-                    if sym.getSymbolType() == SymbolType.FUNCTION:
-                        create_label(ghidra_addr, sym.getName(), capa_namespace)
-                        self.set_plate_comment(ghidra_addr)
+                if do_namespaces:
+                    sym = symbol_table.getPrimarySymbol(ghidra_addr)
+                    if sym is not None:
+                        if sym.getSymbolType() == SymbolType.FUNCTION:
+                            create_label(ghidra_addr, sym.getName(), capa_namespace)

-                    # parse the corresponding nodes, and pre-comment subscope matched features
-                    # under the encompassing function(s)
-                    for sub_match in self.matches.get(addr):
-                        for loc, node in sub_match.items():
-                            sub_ghidra_addr = toAddr(hex(loc))  # type: ignore [name-defined] # noqa: F821
-                            if sub_ghidra_addr == ghidra_addr:
-                                # skip duplicates
-                                continue
+                if do_comments:
+                    self.set_plate_comment(ghidra_addr)

-                            # precomment subscope matches under the function
-                            if node != {}:
-                                for sub_type, description in parse_node(node):
-                                    self.set_pre_comment(sub_ghidra_addr, sub_type, description)
+                # parse the corresponding nodes, and pre-comment subscope matched features
+                # under the encompassing function(s)
+                for sub_match in self.matches.get(addr):
+                    for loc, node in sub_match.items():
+                        sub_ghidra_addr = capa.ghidra.helpers.get_flat_api().toAddr(hex(loc))
+                        if sub_ghidra_addr == ghidra_addr:
+                            # skip duplicates
+                            continue
+
+                        # precomment subscope matches under the function
+                        if node != {} and do_comments:
+                            for sub_type, description in parse_node(node):
+                                self.set_pre_comment(sub_ghidra_addr, sub_type, description)
        else:
            # resolve the encompassing function for the capa namespace
            # of non-function scoped main matches
            for addr in self.matches.keys():
-                ghidra_addr = toAddr(hex(addr))  # type: ignore [name-defined] # noqa: F821
+                ghidra_addr = capa.ghidra.helpers.get_flat_api().toAddr(hex(addr))

                # basic block / insn scoped main matches
                # Ex. See "Create Process on Windows" Rule
-                func = getFunctionContaining(ghidra_addr)  # type: ignore [name-defined] # noqa: F821
+                func = capa.ghidra.helpers.get_flat_api().getFunctionContaining(ghidra_addr)
                if func is not None:
                    func_addr = func.getEntryPoint()
-                    create_label(func_addr, func.getName(), capa_namespace)
-                    self.set_plate_comment(func_addr)
+                    if do_namespaces:
+                        create_label(func_addr, func.getName(), capa_namespace)
+                    if do_comments:
+                        self.set_plate_comment(func_addr)

                # create subscope match precomments
                for sub_match in self.matches.get(addr):
                    for loc, node in sub_match.items():
-                        sub_ghidra_addr = toAddr(hex(loc))  # type: ignore [name-defined] # noqa: F821
+                        sub_ghidra_addr = capa.ghidra.helpers.get_flat_api().toAddr(hex(loc))

                        if node != {}:
                            if func is not None:
                                # basic block/ insn scope under resolved function
-                                for sub_type, description in parse_node(node):
-                                    self.set_pre_comment(sub_ghidra_addr, sub_type, description)
+                                if do_comments:
+                                    for sub_type, description in parse_node(node):
+                                        self.set_pre_comment(sub_ghidra_addr, sub_type, description)
                            else:
                                # this would be a global/file scoped main match
                                # try to resolve the encompassing function via the subscope match, instead
                                # Ex. "run as service" rule
-                                sub_func = getFunctionContaining(sub_ghidra_addr)  # type: ignore [name-defined] # noqa: F821
+                                sub_func = capa.ghidra.helpers.get_flat_api().getFunctionContaining(sub_ghidra_addr)
                                if sub_func is not None:
                                    sub_func_addr = sub_func.getEntryPoint()
                                    # place function in capa namespace & create the subscope match label in Ghidra's global namespace
-                                    create_label(sub_func_addr, sub_func.getName(), capa_namespace)
-                                    self.set_plate_comment(sub_func_addr)
-                                    for sub_type, description in parse_node(node):
-                                        self.set_pre_comment(sub_ghidra_addr, sub_type, description)
+                                    if do_namespaces:
+                                        create_label(sub_func_addr, sub_func.getName(), capa_namespace)
+                                    if do_comments:
+                                        self.set_plate_comment(sub_func_addr)
+
+                                    if do_comments:
+                                        for sub_type, description in parse_node(node):
+                                            self.set_pre_comment(sub_ghidra_addr, sub_type, description)
                                else:
                                    # addr is in some other file section like .data
                                    # represent this location with a label symbol under the capa namespace
                                    # Ex. See "Reference Base64 String" rule
-                                    for sub_type, description in parse_node(node):
-                                        # in many cases, these will be ghidra-labeled data, so just add the existing
-                                        # label symbol to the capa namespace
-                                        for sym in symbol_table.getSymbols(sub_ghidra_addr):
-                                            if sym.getSymbolType() == SymbolType.LABEL:
-                                                sym.setNamespace(capa_namespace)
-                                        self.set_pre_comment(sub_ghidra_addr, sub_type, description)
+                                    if do_namespaces:
+                                        for _sub_type, _description in parse_node(node):
+                                            # in many cases, these will be ghidra-labeled data, so just add the existing
+                                            # label symbol to the capa namespace
+                                            for sym in symbol_table.getSymbols(sub_ghidra_addr):
+                                                if sym.getSymbolType() == SymbolType.LABEL:
+                                                    sym.setNamespace(capa_namespace)
+                                    if do_comments:
+                                        for sub_type, description in parse_node(node):
+                                            self.set_pre_comment(sub_ghidra_addr, sub_type, description)


 def get_capabilities():
-    rules_dir: str = ""
-    try:
-        selected_dir = askDirectory("Choose capa rules directory", "Ok")  # type: ignore [name-defined] # noqa: F821
-        if selected_dir:
-            rules_dir = selected_dir.getPath()
-    except RuntimeError:
-        # RuntimeError thrown when user selects "Cancel"
-        pass
+    rules_dir = ""
+
+    show_monitor_message(f"requesting capa {capa.version.__version__} rules directory")
+    selected_dir = askDirectory(f"choose capa {capa.version.__version__} rules directory", "Ok")  # type: ignore [name-defined] # noqa: F821
+
+    if selected_dir:
+        rules_dir = selected_dir.getPath()

    if not rules_dir:
-        logger.info("You must choose a capa rules directory before running capa.")
-        return ""  # return empty str to avoid handling both int and str types
+        raise CancelledException

    rules_path: pathlib.Path = pathlib.Path(rules_dir)
-    logger.info("running capa using rules from %s", str(rules_path))

+    show_monitor_message(f"loading rules from {rules_path}")
    rules = capa.rules.get_rules([rules_path])
-    meta = capa.ghidra.helpers.collect_metadata([rules_path])
-    extractor = capa.features.extractors.ghidra.extractor.GhidraFeatureExtractor()

+    show_monitor_message("collecting binary metadata")
+    meta = capa.ghidra.helpers.collect_metadata([rules_path])
+
+    show_monitor_message("running capa analysis")
+    extractor = capa.features.extractors.ghidra.extractor.GhidraFeatureExtractor()
    capabilities = capa.capabilities.common.find_capabilities(rules, extractor, True)

+    show_monitor_message("checking for static limitations")
    if capa.capabilities.common.has_static_limitation(rules, capabilities, is_standalone=False):
-        popup("capa explorer encountered warnings during analysis. Please check the console output for more information.")  # type: ignore [name-defined] # noqa: F821
-        logger.info("capa encountered warnings during analysis")
+        show_warn(
+            "capa explorer encountered warnings during analysis. Please check the console output for more information.",
+        )

+    show_monitor_message("rendering results")
    return capa.render.json.render(meta, rules, capabilities.matches)


@@ -328,12 +371,12 @@ def parse_json(capa_data):
            # this requires the correct delimiter used by Ghidra
            # Ex. 'communication/named-pipe/create/create pipe' -> capa::communication::named-pipe::create::create-pipe
            namespace_str = Namespace.DELIMITER.join(meta["namespace"].split("/"))
-            namespace = "capa" + Namespace.DELIMITER + namespace_str + fmt_rule
+            namespace = "capa_explorer" + Namespace.DELIMITER + namespace_str + fmt_rule
        else:
            # lib rules via the official rules repo will not contain data
            # for the "namespaces" key, so format using rule itself
            # Ex. 'contain loop' -> capa::lib::contain-loop
-            namespace = "capa" + Namespace.DELIMITER + "lib" + fmt_rule
+            namespace = "capa_explorer" + Namespace.DELIMITER + "lib" + fmt_rule

        yield CapaMatchData(namespace, scope, rule, rule_matches, attack, mbc)

@@ -342,44 +385,79 @@ def main():
    logging.basicConfig(level=logging.INFO)
    logging.getLogger().setLevel(logging.INFO)

-    if isRunningHeadless():  # type: ignore [name-defined] # noqa: F821
-        logger.error("unsupported Ghidra execution mode")
-        return capa.main.E_UNSUPPORTED_GHIDRA_EXECUTION_MODE
+    choices = ["namespaces", "bookmarks", "comments"]
+    # use ArrayList to resolve ambiguous askChoices overloads (List vs List, List) in PyGhidra
+    choices_java = ArrayList()
+    for c in choices:
+        choices_java.add(c)

+    choice_labels = [
+        'add "capa_explorer" namespace for matched functions',
+        "add bookmarks for matched functions",
+        "add comments to matched functions",
+    ]
+    # use ArrayList to resolve ambiguous askChoices overloads (List vs List, List) in PyGhidra
+    choice_labels_java = ArrayList()
+    for c in choice_labels:
+        choice_labels_java.add(c)
+
+    selected = list(askChoices("capa explorer", "select actions:", choices_java, choice_labels_java))  # type: ignore [name-defined] # noqa: F821
+
+    do_namespaces = "namespaces" in selected
+    do_comments = "comments" in selected
+    do_bookmarks = "bookmarks" in selected
+
+    if not any((do_namespaces, do_comments, do_bookmarks)):
+        raise CancelledException("no actions selected")
+
+    # initialize the context for the extractor/helpers
+    capa.features.extractors.ghidra.context.set_context(
+        currentProgram,  # type: ignore [name-defined] # noqa: F821
+        FlatProgramAPI(currentProgram),  # type: ignore [name-defined] # noqa: F821
+        monitor,  # type: ignore [name-defined] # noqa: F821
+    )
+
+    show_monitor_message("checking supported Ghidra version")
    if not capa.ghidra.helpers.is_supported_ghidra_version():
-        logger.error("unsupported Ghidra version")
+        show_error("unsupported Ghidra version")
        return capa.main.E_UNSUPPORTED_GHIDRA_VERSION

+    show_monitor_message("checking supported file type")
    if not capa.ghidra.helpers.is_supported_file_type():
-        logger.error("unsupported file type")
+        show_error("unsupported file type")
        return capa.main.E_INVALID_FILE_TYPE

+    show_monitor_message("checking supported file architecture")
    if not capa.ghidra.helpers.is_supported_arch_type():
-        logger.error("unsupported file architecture")
+        show_error("unsupported file architecture")
        return capa.main.E_INVALID_FILE_ARCH

    # capa_data will always contain {'meta':..., 'rules':...}
    # if the 'rules' key contains no values, then there were no matches
    capa_data = json.loads(get_capabilities())
    if capa_data.get("rules") is None:
-        logger.info("capa explorer found no matches")
-        popup("capa explorer found no matches.")  # type: ignore [name-defined] # noqa: F821
+        show_info("capa explorer found no matches.")
        return capa.main.E_EMPTY_REPORT

+    show_monitor_message("processing matches")
    for item in parse_json(capa_data):
-        item.bookmark_functions()
-        item.label_matches()
-    logger.info("capa explorer analysis complete")
-    popup("capa explorer analysis complete.\nPlease see results in the Bookmarks Window and Namespaces section of the Symbol Tree Window.")  # type: ignore [name-defined] # noqa: F821
+        if do_bookmarks:
+            show_monitor_message("adding bookmarks")
+            item.bookmark_functions()
+        if do_namespaces or do_comments:
+            show_monitor_message("adding labels")
+            item.label_matches(do_namespaces, do_comments)
+
+    show_info("capa explorer analysis complete.")
+
    return 0


 if __name__ == "__main__":
-    if sys.version_info < (3, 10):
-        from capa.exceptions import UnsupportedRuntimeError
-
-        raise UnsupportedRuntimeError("This version of capa can only be used with Python 3.10+")
-    exit_code = main()
-    if exit_code != 0:
-        popup("capa explorer encountered errors during analysis. Please check the console output for more information.")  # type: ignore [name-defined] # noqa: F821
-    sys.exit(exit_code)
+    try:
+        if main() != 0:
+            show_error(
+                "capa explorer encountered errors during analysis. Please check the console output for more information.",
+            )
+    except CancelledException:
+        show_info("capa explorer analysis cancelled.")
--- a/capa/helpers.py
+++ b/capa/helpers.py
@@ -96,11 +96,7 @@ def is_runtime_ida():


 def is_runtime_ghidra():
-    try:
-        currentProgram  # type: ignore [name-defined] # noqa: F821
-    except NameError:
-        return False
-    return True
+    return importlib.util.find_spec("ghidra") is not None


 def assert_never(value) -> NoReturn:
--- a/capa/ida/plugin/init.py
+++ b/capa/ida/plugin/init.py
@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@ import logging
 import idaapi
 import ida_kernwin

-from capa.ida.plugin.form import CapaExplorerForm
 from capa.ida.plugin.icon import ICON

 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
@@ -74,6 +73,9 @@ class CapaExplorerPlugin(idaapi.plugin_t):
          arg (int): bitflag. Setting LSB enables automatic analysis upon
          loading. The other bits are currently undefined. See `form.Options`.
        """
+        # delay import to not trigger load of Qt components when not running in idaq, i.e., in idalib
+        from capa.ida.plugin.form import CapaExplorerForm
+
        if not self.form:
            self.form = CapaExplorerForm(self.PLUGIN_NAME, arg)
        else:
--- a/capa/ida/plugin/extractor.py
+++ b/capa/ida/plugin/extractor.py
@@ -14,9 +14,9 @@


 import ida_kernwin
-from PyQt5 import QtCore

 from capa.ida.plugin.error import UserCancelledError
+from capa.ida.plugin.qt_compat import QtCore, Signal
 from capa.features.extractors.ida.extractor import IdaFeatureExtractor
 from capa.features.extractors.base_extractor import FunctionHandle

@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ from capa.features.extractors.base_extractor import FunctionHandle
 class CapaExplorerProgressIndicator(QtCore.QObject):
    """implement progress signal, used during feature extraction"""

-    progress = QtCore.pyqtSignal(str)
+    progress = Signal(str)

    def update(self, text):
        """emit progress update
--- a/capa/ida/plugin/form.py
+++ b/capa/ida/plugin/form.py
@@ -23,7 +23,6 @@ from pathlib import Path
 import idaapi
 import ida_kernwin
 import ida_settings
-from PyQt5 import QtGui, QtCore, QtWidgets

 import capa.main
 import capa.rules
@@ -51,6 +50,7 @@ from capa.ida.plugin.hooks import CapaExplorerIdaHooks
 from capa.ida.plugin.model import CapaExplorerDataModel
 from capa.ida.plugin.proxy import CapaExplorerRangeProxyModel, CapaExplorerSearchProxyModel
 from capa.ida.plugin.extractor import CapaExplorerFeatureExtractor
+from capa.ida.plugin.qt_compat import QtGui, QtCore, QtWidgets
 from capa.features.extractors.base_extractor import FunctionHandle

 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
@@ -1358,7 +1358,7 @@ class CapaExplorerForm(idaapi.PluginForm):

        @param state: checked state
        """
-        if state == QtCore.Qt.Checked:
+        if state:
            self.limit_results_to_function(idaapi.get_func(idaapi.get_screen_ea()))
        else:
            self.range_model_proxy.reset_address_range_filter()
@@ -1367,7 +1367,7 @@ class CapaExplorerForm(idaapi.PluginForm):

    def slot_checkbox_limit_features_by_ea(self, state):
        """ """
-        if state == QtCore.Qt.Checked:
+        if state:
            self.view_rulegen_features.filter_items_by_ea(idaapi.get_screen_ea())
        else:
            self.view_rulegen_features.show_all_items()
--- a/capa/ida/plugin/ida-plugin.json
+++ b/capa/ida/plugin/ida-plugin.json
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+{
+  "IDAMetadataDescriptorVersion": 1,
+  "plugin": {
+    "name": "capa",
+    "entryPoint": "capa_explorer.py",
+    "version": "9.3.1",
+    "idaVersions": ">=7.4",
+    "description": "Identify capabilities in executable files using FLARE's capa framework",
+    "license": "Apache-2.0",
+    "categories": [
+      "malware-analysis",
+      "api-scripting-and-automation",
+      "ui-ux-and-visualization"
+    ],
+    "pythonDependencies": ["flare-capa==9.3.1"],
+    "urls": {
+      "repository": "https://github.com/mandiant/capa"
+    },
+    "authors": [
+      {"name": "Willi Ballenthin", "email": "wballenthin@hex-rays.com"},
+      {"name": "Moritz Raabe", "email": "moritzraabe@google.com"},
+      {"name": "Mike Hunhoff", "email": "mike.hunhoff@gmail.com"},
+      {"name": "Yacine Elhamer", "email": "elhamer.yacine@gmail.com"}
+    ],
+    "keywords": [
+      "capability-detection",
+      "malware-analysis",
+      "behavior-analysis",
+      "reverse-engineering",
+      "att&ck",
+      "rule-engine",
+      "feature-extraction",
+      "yara-like-rules",
+      "static-analysis",
+      "dynamic-analysis"
+    ]
+  }
+}
--- a/capa/ida/plugin/item.py
+++ b/capa/ida/plugin/item.py
@@ -18,10 +18,10 @@ from typing import Iterator, Optional

 import idc
 import idaapi
-from PyQt5 import QtCore

 import capa.ida.helpers
 from capa.features.address import Address, FileOffsetAddress, AbsoluteVirtualAddress
+from capa.ida.plugin.qt_compat import QtCore, qt_get_item_flag_tristate


 def info_to_name(display):
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ class CapaExplorerDataItem:
        self.flags = QtCore.Qt.ItemIsEnabled | QtCore.Qt.ItemIsSelectable

        if self._can_check:
-            self.flags = self.flags | QtCore.Qt.ItemIsUserCheckable | QtCore.Qt.ItemIsTristate
+            self.flags = self.flags | QtCore.Qt.ItemIsUserCheckable | qt_get_item_flag_tristate()

        if self.pred:
            self.pred.appendChild(self)
--- a/capa/ida/plugin/model.py
+++ b/capa/ida/plugin/model.py
@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@ from collections import deque

 import idc
 import idaapi
-from PyQt5 import QtGui, QtCore

 import capa.rules
 import capa.ida.helpers
@@ -42,6 +41,7 @@ from capa.ida.plugin.item import (
    CapaExplorerInstructionViewItem,
 )
 from capa.features.address import Address, AbsoluteVirtualAddress
+from capa.ida.plugin.qt_compat import QtGui, QtCore

 # default highlight color used in IDA window
 DEFAULT_HIGHLIGHT = 0xE6C700
@@ -269,7 +269,7 @@ class CapaExplorerDataModel(QtCore.QAbstractItemModel):
                visited.add(child_index)

                for idx in range(self.rowCount(child_index)):
-                    stack.append(child_index.child(idx, 0))
+                    stack.append(self.index(idx, 0, child_index))

    def reset_ida_highlighting(self, item, checked):
        """reset IDA highlight for item
--- a/capa/ida/plugin/proxy.py
+++ b/capa/ida/plugin/proxy.py
@@ -12,10 +12,8 @@
 # See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 # limitations under the License.

-from PyQt5 import QtCore
-from PyQt5.QtCore import Qt
-
 from capa.ida.plugin.model import CapaExplorerDataModel
+from capa.ida.plugin.qt_compat import Qt, QtCore


 class CapaExplorerRangeProxyModel(QtCore.QSortFilterProxyModel):
--- a/capa/ida/plugin/qt_compat.py
+++ b/capa/ida/plugin/qt_compat.py
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+# Copyright 2020 Google LLC
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+"""
+Qt compatibility layer for capa IDA Pro plugin.
+
+Handles PyQt5 (IDA < 9.2) vs PySide6 (IDA >= 9.2) differences.
+This module provides a unified import interface for Qt modules and handles
+API changes between Qt5 and Qt6.
+"""
+
+try:
+    # IDA 9.2+ uses PySide6
+    from PySide6 import QtGui, QtCore, QtWidgets
+    from PySide6.QtGui import QAction
+
+    QT_LIBRARY = "PySide6"
+    Signal = QtCore.Signal
+except ImportError:
+    # Older IDA versions use PyQt5
+    try:
+        from PyQt5 import QtGui, QtCore, QtWidgets
+        from PyQt5.QtWidgets import QAction
+
+        QT_LIBRARY = "PyQt5"
+        Signal = QtCore.pyqtSignal
+    except ImportError:
+        raise ImportError("Neither PySide6 nor PyQt5 is available. Cannot initialize capa IDA plugin.")
+
+Qt = QtCore.Qt
+
+
+def qt_get_item_flag_tristate():
+    """
+    Get the tristate item flag compatible with Qt5 and Qt6.
+
+    Qt5 (PyQt5): Uses Qt.ItemIsTristate
+    Qt6 (PySide6): Qt.ItemIsTristate was removed, uses Qt.ItemIsAutoTristate
+
+    ItemIsAutoTristate automatically manages tristate based on child checkboxes,
+    matching the original ItemIsTristate behavior where parent checkboxes reflect
+    the check state of their children.
+
+    Returns:
+        int: The appropriate flag value for the Qt version
+
+    Raises:
+        AttributeError: If the tristate flag cannot be found in the Qt library
+    """
+    if QT_LIBRARY == "PySide6":
+        # Qt6: ItemIsTristate was removed, replaced with ItemIsAutoTristate
+        # Try different possible locations (API varies slightly across PySide6 versions)
+        if hasattr(Qt, "ItemIsAutoTristate"):
+            return Qt.ItemIsAutoTristate
+        elif hasattr(Qt, "ItemFlag") and hasattr(Qt.ItemFlag, "ItemIsAutoTristate"):
+            return Qt.ItemFlag.ItemIsAutoTristate
+        else:
+            raise AttributeError(
+                "Cannot find ItemIsAutoTristate in PySide6. "
+                + "Your PySide6 version may be incompatible with capa. "
+                + f"Available Qt attributes: {[attr for attr in dir(Qt) if 'Item' in attr]}"
+            )
+    else:
+        # Qt5: Use the original ItemIsTristate flag
+        return Qt.ItemIsTristate
+
+
+__all__ = ["qt_get_item_flag_tristate", "Signal", "QAction", "QtGui", "QtCore", "QtWidgets"]
--- a/capa/ida/plugin/view.py
+++ b/capa/ida/plugin/view.py
@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@ from collections import Counter

 import idc
 import idaapi
-from PyQt5 import QtGui, QtCore, QtWidgets

 import capa.rules
 import capa.engine
@@ -28,6 +27,7 @@ import capa.features.basicblock
 from capa.ida.plugin.item import CapaExplorerFunctionItem
 from capa.features.address import AbsoluteVirtualAddress, _NoAddress
 from capa.ida.plugin.model import CapaExplorerDataModel
+from capa.ida.plugin.qt_compat import QtGui, QtCore, Signal, QAction, QtWidgets

 MAX_SECTION_SIZE = 750

@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ def calc_item_depth(o):

 def build_action(o, display, data, slot):
    """ """
-    action = QtWidgets.QAction(display, o)
+    action = QAction(display, o)

    action.setData(data)
    action.triggered.connect(lambda checked: slot(action))
@@ -312,7 +312,7 @@ class CapaExplorerRulegenPreview(QtWidgets.QTextEdit):


 class CapaExplorerRulegenEditor(QtWidgets.QTreeWidget):
-    updated = QtCore.pyqtSignal()
+    updated = Signal()

    def __init__(self, preview, parent=None):
        """ """
--- a/capa/loader.py
+++ b/capa/loader.py
@@ -79,6 +79,7 @@ BACKEND_VMRAY = "vmray"
 BACKEND_FREEZE = "freeze"
 BACKEND_BINEXPORT2 = "binexport2"
 BACKEND_IDA = "ida"
+BACKEND_GHIDRA = "ghidra"


 class CorruptFile(ValueError):
@@ -351,6 +352,69 @@ def get_extractor(

        return capa.features.extractors.ida.extractor.IdaFeatureExtractor()

+    elif backend == BACKEND_GHIDRA:
+        import pyghidra
+
+        with console.status("analyzing program...", spinner="dots"):
+            if not pyghidra.started():
+                pyghidra.start()
+
+            import capa.ghidra.helpers
+
+            if not capa.ghidra.helpers.is_supported_ghidra_version():
+                raise RuntimeError("unsupported Ghidra version")
+
+            import tempfile
+
+            tmpdir = tempfile.TemporaryDirectory()
+
+            project_cm = pyghidra.open_project(tmpdir.name, "CapaProject", create=True)
+            project = project_cm.__enter__()
+            try:
+                from ghidra.util.task import TaskMonitor
+
+                monitor = TaskMonitor.DUMMY
+
+                # Import file
+                loader = pyghidra.program_loader().project(project).source(str(input_path)).name(input_path.name)
+                with loader.load() as load_results:
+                    load_results.save(monitor)
+
+                # Open program
+                program, consumer = pyghidra.consume_program(project, "/" + input_path.name)
+
+                # Analyze
+                pyghidra.analyze(program, monitor)
+
+                from ghidra.program.flatapi import FlatProgramAPI
+
+                flat_api = FlatProgramAPI(program)
+
+                import capa.features.extractors.ghidra.context as ghidra_context
+
+                ghidra_context.set_context(program, flat_api, monitor)
+
+                # Wrapper to handle cleanup of program (consumer) and project
+                class GhidraContextWrapper:
+                    def __init__(self, project_cm, program, consumer):
+                        self.project_cm = project_cm
+                        self.program = program
+                        self.consumer = consumer
+
+                    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
+                        self.program.release(self.consumer)
+                        self.project_cm.__exit__(exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb)
+
+                cm = GhidraContextWrapper(project_cm, program, consumer)
+
+            except Exception:
+                project_cm.__exit__(None, None, None)
+                tmpdir.cleanup()
+                raise
+
+        import capa.features.extractors.ghidra.extractor
+
+        return capa.features.extractors.ghidra.extractor.GhidraFeatureExtractor(ctx_manager=cm, tmpdir=tmpdir)
    else:
        raise ValueError("unexpected backend: " + backend)

--- a/capa/main.py
+++ b/capa/main.py
@@ -55,6 +55,7 @@ from capa.loader import (
    BACKEND_VMRAY,
    BACKEND_DOTNET,
    BACKEND_FREEZE,
+    BACKEND_GHIDRA,
    BACKEND_PEFILE,
    BACKEND_DRAKVUF,
    BACKEND_BINEXPORT2,
@@ -298,6 +299,7 @@ def install_common_args(parser, wanted=None):
            (BACKEND_BINJA, "Binary Ninja"),
            (BACKEND_DOTNET, ".NET"),
            (BACKEND_BINEXPORT2, "BinExport2"),
+            (BACKEND_GHIDRA, "Ghidra"),
            (BACKEND_FREEZE, "capa freeze"),
            (BACKEND_CAPE, "CAPE"),
            (BACKEND_DRAKVUF, "DRAKVUF"),
@@ -392,6 +394,7 @@ class ShouldExitError(Exception):
    """raised when a main-related routine indicates the program should exit."""

    def __init__(self, status_code: int):
+        super().__init__(status_code)
        self.status_code = status_code


@@ -1104,14 +1107,26 @@ def ida_main():


 def ghidra_main():
+    from ghidra.program.flatapi import FlatProgramAPI
+
    import capa.rules
    import capa.ghidra.helpers
    import capa.render.default
+    import capa.features.extractors.ghidra.context
    import capa.features.extractors.ghidra.extractor

    logging.basicConfig(level=logging.INFO)
    logging.getLogger().setLevel(logging.INFO)

+    # These are provided by the Ghidra scripting environment
+    # but are not available when running standard python
+    # so we have to ignore the linting errors
+    program = currentProgram  # type: ignore [name-defined] # noqa: F821
+    monitor_ = monitor  # type: ignore [name-defined] # noqa: F821
+    flat_api = FlatProgramAPI(program)
+
+    capa.features.extractors.ghidra.context.set_context(program, flat_api, monitor_)
+
    logger.debug("-" * 80)
    logger.debug(" Using default embedded rules.")
    logger.debug(" ")
--- a/capa/rules/init.py
+++ b/capa/rules/init.py
@@ -274,12 +274,8 @@ SUPPORTED_FEATURES[Scope.FUNCTION].update(SUPPORTED_FEATURES[Scope.BASIC_BLOCK])


 class InvalidRule(ValueError):
-    def __init__(self, msg):
-        super().__init__()
-        self.msg = msg
-
    def __str__(self):
-        return f"invalid rule: {self.msg}"
+        return f"invalid rule: {super().__str__()}"

    def __repr__(self):
        return str(self)
@@ -289,20 +285,15 @@ class InvalidRuleWithPath(InvalidRule):
    def __init__(self, path, msg):
        super().__init__(msg)
        self.path = path
-        self.msg = msg
        self.__cause__ = None

    def __str__(self):
-        return f"invalid rule: {self.path}: {self.msg}"
+        return f"invalid rule: {self.path}: {super(InvalidRule, self).__str__()}"


 class InvalidRuleSet(ValueError):
-    def __init__(self, msg):
-        super().__init__()
-        self.msg = msg
-
    def __str__(self):
-        return f"invalid rule set: {self.msg}"
+        return f"invalid rule set: {super().__str__()}"

    def __repr__(self):
        return str(self)
@@ -1102,15 +1093,15 @@ class Rule:
    @lru_cache()
    def _get_yaml_loader():
        try:
-            # prefer to use CLoader to be fast, see #306
+            # prefer to use CLoader to be fast, see #306 / CSafeLoader is the same as CLoader but with safe loading
            # on Linux, make sure you install libyaml-dev or similar
            # on Windows, get WHLs from pyyaml.org/pypi
-            logger.debug("using libyaml CLoader.")
-            return yaml.CLoader
+            logger.debug("using libyaml CSafeLoader.")
+            return yaml.CSafeLoader
        except Exception:
-            logger.debug("unable to import libyaml CLoader, falling back to Python yaml parser.")
+            logger.debug("unable to import libyaml CSafeLoader, falling back to Python yaml parser.")
            logger.debug("this will be slower to load rules.")
-            return yaml.Loader
+            return yaml.SafeLoader

    @staticmethod
    def _get_ruamel_yaml_parser():
--- a/capa/version.py
+++ b/capa/version.py
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
 # See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 # limitations under the License.

-__version__ = "9.2.1"
+__version__ = "9.3.1"


 def get_major_version():
--- a/doc/img/ghidra_headless_analyzer.png
+++ b/doc/img/ghidra_headless_analyzer.png
--- a/doc/img/ghidra_script_mngr_output.png
+++ b/doc/img/ghidra_script_mngr_output.png
--- a/doc/img/ghidra_script_mngr_rules.png
+++ b/doc/img/ghidra_script_mngr_rules.png
--- a/doc/img/ghidra_script_mngr_verbosity.png
+++ b/doc/img/ghidra_script_mngr_verbosity.png
--- a/doc/release.md
+++ b/doc/release.md
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
 - [ ] Review changes
  - capa https://github.com/mandiant/capa/compare/\<last-release\>...master
  - capa-rules https://github.com/mandiant/capa-rules/compare/\<last-release>\...master
+- [ ] Run `$ bump-my-version bump {patch/minor/major} [--allow-dirty]` to update [capa/version.py](https://github.com/mandiant/capa/blob/master/capa/version.py) and other version files
 - [ ] Update [CHANGELOG.md](https://github.com/mandiant/capa/blob/master/CHANGELOG.md)
  - Do not forget to add a nice introduction thanking contributors
  - Remember that we need a major release if we introduce breaking changes
@@ -36,7 +37,6 @@
    - [capa <release>...master](https://github.com/mandiant/capa/compare/<release>...master)
    - [capa-rules <release>...master](https://github.com/mandiant/capa-rules/compare/<release>...master)
    ```
- [ ] Update [capa/version.py](https://github.com/mandiant/capa/blob/master/capa/version.py)
 - [ ] Create a PR with the updated [CHANGELOG.md](https://github.com/mandiant/capa/blob/master/CHANGELOG.md) and [capa/version.py](https://github.com/mandiant/capa/blob/master/capa/version.py). Copy this checklist in the PR description.
 - [ ] Update the [homepage](https://github.com/mandiant/capa/blob/master/web/public/index.html) (i.e. What's New section)
 - [ ] After PR review, merge the PR and [create the release in GH](https://github.com/mandiant/capa/releases/new) using text from the [CHANGELOG.md](https://github.com/mandiant/capa/blob/master/CHANGELOG.md).
--- a/pyproject.toml
+++ b/pyproject.toml
@@ -74,7 +74,8 @@ dependencies = [
    # comments and context.
    "pyyaml>=6",
    "colorama>=0.4",
-    "ida-settings>=2",
+    "ida-netnode>=3.0",
+    "ida-settings>=3.1.0",
    "ruamel.yaml>=0.18",
    "pefile>=2023.2.7",
    "pyelftools>=0.31",
@@ -104,7 +105,7 @@ dependencies = [

    "networkx>=3",

-    "dnfile>=0.15.0",
+    "dnfile>=0.17.0",
 ]
 dynamic = ["version"]

@@ -121,14 +122,14 @@ dev = [
    # we want all developer environments to be consistent.
    # These dependencies are not used in production environments
    # and should not conflict with other libraries/tooling.
-    "pre-commit==4.2.0",
+    "pre-commit==4.5.0",
    "pytest==8.0.0",
-    "pytest-sugar==1.0.0",
+    "pytest-sugar==1.1.1",
    "pytest-instafail==0.5.0",
    "flake8==7.3.0",
-    "flake8-bugbear==24.12.12",
+    "flake8-bugbear==25.11.29",
    "flake8-encodings==0.5.1",
-    "flake8-comprehensions==3.16.0",
+    "flake8-comprehensions==3.17.0",
    "flake8-logging-format==0.9.0",
    "flake8-no-implicit-concat==0.3.5",
    "flake8-print==5.0.0",
@@ -136,36 +137,42 @@ dev = [
    "flake8-simplify==0.22.0",
    "flake8-use-pathlib==0.3.0",
    "flake8-copyright==0.2.4",
-    "ruff==0.12.0",
-    "black==25.1.0",
+    "ruff==0.14.7",
+    "black==25.12.0",
    "isort==6.0.0",
    "mypy==1.17.1",
    "mypy-protobuf==3.6.0",
    "PyGithub==2.6.0",
+    "bump-my-version==1.2.4",
    # type stubs for mypy
    "types-backports==0.1.3",
    "types-colorama==0.4.15.11",
    "types-PyYAML==6.0.8",
-    "types-psutil==7.0.0.20250218",
+    "types-psutil==7.1.3.20251202",
    "types_requests==2.32.0.20240712",
-    "types-protobuf==6.30.2.20250516",
-    "deptry==0.23.0"
+    "types-protobuf==6.32.1.20250918",
+    "deptry==0.24.0"
 ]
 build = [
    # Dev and build dependencies are not relaxed because
    # we want all developer environments to be consistent.
    # These dependencies are not used in production environments
    # and should not conflict with other libraries/tooling.
-    "pyinstaller==6.14.1",
+    "pyinstaller==6.16.0",
    "setuptools==80.9.0",
-    "build==1.2.2"
+    "build==1.3.0"
 ]
 scripts = [
+    # can (optionally) be more lenient on dependencies here
+    # see comment on dependencies for more context
    "jschema_to_python==1.2.3",
-    "psutil==7.0.0",
+    "psutil==7.1.2",
    "stix2==3.0.1",
    "sarif_om==1.0.4",
-    "requests==2.32.3",
+    "requests>=2.32.4",
+]
+ghidra = [
+    "pyghidra>=3.0.0",
 ]

 [tool.deptry]
@@ -197,7 +204,8 @@ known_first_party = [
    "idc",
    "java",
    "netnode",
-    "PyQt5"
+    "PyQt5",
+    "PySide6"
 ]

 [tool.deptry.per_rule_ignores]
@@ -205,6 +213,7 @@ known_first_party = [
 DEP002 = [
    "black",
    "build",
+    "bump-my-version",
    "deptry",
    "flake8",
    "flake8-bugbear",
--- a/requirements.txt
+++ b/requirements.txt
@@ -10,38 +10,40 @@ annotated-types==0.7.0
 colorama==0.4.6
 cxxfilt==0.3.0
 dncil==1.0.2
-dnfile==0.16.4
+dnfile==0.17.0
 funcy==2.0
-humanize==4.12.0
+humanize==4.14.0
 ida-netnode==3.0
-ida-settings==2.1.0
+ida-settings==3.2.2
 intervaltree==3.1.0
-markdown-it-py==3.0.0
+markdown-it-py==4.0.0
 mdurl==0.1.2
 msgpack==1.0.8
 networkx==3.4.2
 pefile==2024.8.26
-pip==25.1.1
-protobuf==6.31.1
+pip==25.3
+protobuf==6.33.1
 pyasn1==0.5.1
 pyasn1-modules==0.3.0
-pycparser==2.22
-pydantic==2.11.4
+pycparser==2.23
+pydantic==2.12.4
 # pydantic pins pydantic-core, 
 # but dependabot updates these separately (which is broken) and is annoying,
 # so we rely on pydantic to pull in the right version of pydantic-core.
 # pydantic-core==2.23.4
-xmltodict==0.14.2
+xmltodict==1.0.2
 pyelftools==0.32
 pygments==2.19.1
+pyghidra==3.0.0
 python-flirt==0.9.2
 pyyaml==6.0.2
-rich==14.0.0
+rich==14.2.0
 ruamel-yaml==0.18.6
-ruamel-yaml-clib==0.2.8
+ruamel-yaml-clib==0.2.14
 setuptools==80.9.0
 six==1.17.0
 sortedcontainers==2.4.0
 viv-utils==0.8.0
 vivisect==1.2.1
-msgspec==0.19.0
+msgspec==0.20.0
+bump-my-version==1.2.4
--- a/2
+++ b/2
--- a/tests/data
+++ b/tests/data
--- a/tests/fixtures.py
+++ b/tests/fixtures.py
@@ -227,13 +227,33 @@ def get_vmray_extractor(path):
    return VMRayExtractor.from_zipfile(path)


-@lru_cache(maxsize=1)
+GHIDRA_CACHE: dict[Path, tuple] = {}
+
+
 def get_ghidra_extractor(path: Path):
+    # we need to start PyGhidra before importing the extractor
+    # because the extractor imports Ghidra modules that are only available after PyGhidra is started
+    import pyghidra
+
+    if not pyghidra.started():
+        pyghidra.start()
+
+    import capa.features.extractors.ghidra.context
    import capa.features.extractors.ghidra.extractor

-    extractor = capa.features.extractors.ghidra.extractor.GhidraFeatureExtractor()
-    setattr(extractor, "path", path.as_posix())
+    if path in GHIDRA_CACHE:
+        extractor, program, flat_api, monitor = GHIDRA_CACHE[path]
+        capa.features.extractors.ghidra.context.set_context(program, flat_api, monitor)
+        return extractor

+    # We use a larger cache size to avoid re-opening the same file multiple times
+    # which is very slow with Ghidra.
+    extractor = capa.loader.get_extractor(
+        path, FORMAT_AUTO, OS_AUTO, capa.loader.BACKEND_GHIDRA, [], disable_progress=True
+    )
+
+    ctx = capa.features.extractors.ghidra.context.get_context()
+    GHIDRA_CACHE[path] = (extractor, ctx.program, ctx.flat_api, ctx.monitor)
    return extractor


--- a/tests/test_binja_features.py
+++ b/tests/test_binja_features.py
@@ -70,4 +70,4 @@ def test_standalone_binja_backend():
@pytest.mark.skipif(binja_present is False, reason="Skip binja tests if the binaryninja Python API is not installed")
 def test_binja_version():
    version = binaryninja.core_version_info()
-    assert version.major == 5 and version.minor == 1
+    assert version.major == 5 and version.minor == 2
--- a/tests/test_ghidra_features.py
+++ b/tests/test_ghidra_features.py
@@ -11,95 +11,42 @@
 # WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 # See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 # limitations under the License.
-
-"""
-Must invoke this script from within the Ghidra Runtime Environment
-"""
-import sys
-import logging
-from pathlib import Path
+import os
+import importlib.util

 import pytest
+import fixtures

-try:
-    sys.path.append(str(Path(__file__).parent))
-    import fixtures
-finally:
-    sys.path.pop()
+import capa.features.common
+
+ghidra_present = importlib.util.find_spec("pyghidra") is not None and "GHIDRA_INSTALL_DIR" in os.environ


-logger = logging.getLogger("test_ghidra_features")
-
-ghidra_present: bool = False
-try:
-    import ghidra  # noqa: F401
-
-    ghidra_present = True
-except ImportError:
-    pass
-
-
-def standardize_posix_str(psx_str):
-    """fixture test passes the PosixPath to the test data
-
-    params: psx_str - PosixPath() to the test data
-    return: string that matches test-id sample name
-    """
-
-    if "Practical Malware Analysis Lab" in str(psx_str):
-        # <PosixPath>/'Practical Malware Analysis Lab 16-01.exe_' -> 'pma16-01'
-        wanted_str = "pma" + str(psx_str).split("/")[-1][len("Practical Malware Analysis Lab ") : -5]
-    else:
-        # <PosixPath>/mimikatz.exe_ -> mimikatz
-        wanted_str = str(psx_str).split("/")[-1][:-5]
-
-    if "_" in wanted_str:
-        # al-khaser_x86 -> al-khaser x86
-        wanted_str = wanted_str.replace("_", " ")
-
-    return wanted_str
-
-
-def check_input_file(wanted):
-    """check that test is running on the loaded sample
-
-    params: wanted - PosixPath() passed from test arg
-    """
-
-    import capa.ghidra.helpers as ghidra_helpers
-
-    found = ghidra_helpers.get_file_md5()
-    sample_name = standardize_posix_str(wanted)
-
-    if not found.startswith(fixtures.get_sample_md5_by_name(sample_name)):
-        raise RuntimeError(f"please run the tests against sample with MD5: `{found}`")
-
-
-@pytest.mark.skipif(ghidra_present is False, reason="Ghidra tests must be ran within Ghidra")
-@fixtures.parametrize("sample,scope,feature,expected", fixtures.FEATURE_PRESENCE_TESTS, indirect=["sample", "scope"])
+@pytest.mark.skipif(ghidra_present is False, reason="PyGhidra not installed")
+@fixtures.parametrize(
+    "sample,scope,feature,expected",
+    [
+        (
+            pytest.param(
+                *t,
+                marks=pytest.mark.xfail(
+                    reason="specific to Vivisect and basic blocks do not align with Ghidra's analysis"
+                ),
+            )
+            if t[0] == "294b8d..." and t[2] == capa.features.common.String("\r\n\x00:ht")
+            else t
+        )
+        for t in fixtures.FEATURE_PRESENCE_TESTS
+    ],
+    indirect=["sample", "scope"],
+)
 def test_ghidra_features(sample, scope, feature, expected):
-    try:
-        check_input_file(sample)
-    except RuntimeError:
-        pytest.skip(reason="Test must be ran against sample loaded in Ghidra")
-
    fixtures.do_test_feature_presence(fixtures.get_ghidra_extractor, sample, scope, feature, expected)


-@pytest.mark.skipif(ghidra_present is False, reason="Ghidra tests must be ran within Ghidra")
+@pytest.mark.skipif(ghidra_present is False, reason="PyGhidra not installed")
@fixtures.parametrize(
    "sample,scope,feature,expected", fixtures.FEATURE_COUNT_TESTS_GHIDRA, indirect=["sample", "scope"]
 )
 def test_ghidra_feature_counts(sample, scope, feature, expected):
-    try:
-        check_input_file(sample)
-    except RuntimeError:
-        pytest.skip(reason="Test must be ran against sample loaded in Ghidra")
-
    fixtures.do_test_feature_count(fixtures.get_ghidra_extractor, sample, scope, feature, expected)
-
-
-if __name__ == "__main__":
-    # No support for faulthandler module in Ghidrathon, see:
-    # https://github.com/mandiant/Ghidrathon/issues/70
-    sys.exit(pytest.main(["--pyargs", "-p no:faulthandler", "test_ghidra_features"]))
--- a/web/explorer/package-lock.json
+++ b/web/explorer/package-lock.json
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@
                "eslint-plugin-vue": "^9.23.0",
                "jsdom": "^24.1.0",
                "prettier": "^3.2.5",
-                "vite": "^6.3.4",
+                "vite": "^6.4.1",
                "vite-plugin-singlefile": "^2.2.0",
                "vitest": "^3.0.9"
            }
@@ -2272,10 +2272,11 @@
            }
        },
        "node_modules/glob": {
-            "version": "10.4.2",
-            "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/glob/-/glob-10.4.2.tgz",
-            "integrity": "sha512-GwMlUF6PkPo3Gk21UxkCohOv0PLcIXVtKyLlpEI28R/cO/4eNOdmLk3CMW1wROV/WR/EsZOWAfBbBOqYvs88/w==",
+            "version": "10.5.0",
+            "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/glob/-/glob-10.5.0.tgz",
+            "integrity": "sha512-DfXN8DfhJ7NH3Oe7cFmu3NCu1wKbkReJ8TorzSAFbSKrlNaQSKfIzqYqVY8zlbs2NLBbWpRiU52GX2PbaBVNkg==",
            "dev": true,
+            "license": "ISC",
            "dependencies": {
                "foreground-child": "^3.1.0",
                "jackspeak": "^3.1.2",
@@ -2287,9 +2288,6 @@
            "bin": {
                "glob": "dist/esm/bin.mjs"
            },
-            "engines": {
-                "node": ">=16 || 14 >=14.18"
-            },
            "funding": {
                "url": "https://github.com/sponsors/isaacs"
            }
@@ -2641,10 +2639,11 @@
            }
        },
        "node_modules/js-yaml": {
-            "version": "4.1.0",
-            "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/js-yaml/-/js-yaml-4.1.0.tgz",
-            "integrity": "sha512-wpxZs9NoxZaJESJGIZTyDEaYpl0FKSA+FB9aJiyemKhMwkxQg63h4T1KJgUGHpTqPDNRcmmYLugrRjJlBtWvRA==",
+            "version": "4.1.1",
+            "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/js-yaml/-/js-yaml-4.1.1.tgz",
+            "integrity": "sha512-qQKT4zQxXl8lLwBtHMWwaTcGfFOZviOJet3Oy/xmGk2gZH677CJM9EvtfdSkgWcATZhj/55JZ0rmy3myCT5lsA==",
            "dev": true,
+            "license": "MIT",
            "dependencies": {
                "argparse": "^2.0.1"
            },
@@ -3801,9 +3800,9 @@
            "dev": true
        },
        "node_modules/vite": {
-            "version": "6.3.4",
-            "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/vite/-/vite-6.3.4.tgz",
-            "integrity": "sha512-BiReIiMS2fyFqbqNT/Qqt4CVITDU9M9vE+DKcVAsB+ZV0wvTKd+3hMbkpxz1b+NmEDMegpVbisKiAZOnvO92Sw==",
+            "version": "6.4.1",
+            "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/vite/-/vite-6.4.1.tgz",
+            "integrity": "sha512-+Oxm7q9hDoLMyJOYfUYBuHQo+dkAloi33apOPP56pzj+vsdJDzr+j1NISE5pyaAuKL4A3UD34qd0lx5+kfKp2g==",
            "dev": true,
            "license": "MIT",
            "dependencies": {
--- a/web/explorer/package.json
+++ b/web/explorer/package.json
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
        "eslint-plugin-vue": "^9.23.0",
        "jsdom": "^24.1.0",
        "prettier": "^3.2.5",
-        "vite": "^6.3.4",
+        "vite": "^6.4.1",
        "vite-plugin-singlefile": "^2.2.0",
        "vitest": "^3.0.9"
    }
--- a/web/public/index.html
+++ b/web/public/index.html
@@ -212,6 +212,18 @@

      <h2 class="mt-3">Tool Updates</h2>

+      <h3 class="mt-2">v9.3.1 (<em>2025-11-19</em>)</h3>
+      <p class="mt-0">
+        This patch release fixes a missing import for the capa explorer plugin for IDA Pro.
+      </p>
+
+      <h3 class="mt-2">v9.3.0 (<em>2025-11-12</em>)</h3>
+      <p class="mt-0">
+        capa v9.3.0 comes with over 20 new and/or impoved rules.
+        For IDA users the capa explorer plugin is now available via the IDA Pro plugin repository and contains Qt compatibility layer for PyQt5 and PySide6 support.
+        Additionally a Binary Ninja bug has been fixed. Released binaries now include ARM64 binaries (Linux and macOS).
+      </p>
+
      <h3 class="mt-2">v9.2.1 (<em>2025-06-06</em>)</h3>
      <p class="mt-0">
        This point release fixes bugs including removing an unnecessary PyInstaller warning message and enabling the standalone binary to execute on systems running older versions of glibc.